Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown that low plasma levels of High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) are associated with an increased risk for myocardial infarction. These studies suggested that by increasing HDL-C levels one could reduce cardiovascular risk. However, emerging evidence from studies in animals and humans indicate that high levels of HDL-C are not sufficient to confer atheroprotection but that the functionality of the HDL particles is equally important. The picture is complicated further by the finding that HDL functionality is compromised in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases such as Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis. Despite these obstacles, HDL raising is still a promising strategy for the reduction of CAD risk. Low HDL-C can be caused by inactivating mutations in apoA-I, ATP Binding Cassette Transporter A1 (ABCA1) or Lecithin-Cholesterol Acyl Transferase (LCAT) which affect HDL biogenesis and maturation whereas high HDL-C can be caused by mutations in Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein (CETP) or Scavenger receptor Class B Type I (SR-BI). Recent studies suggest that heterogeneity in HDL levels in the population is polygenic in origin. One approach to raise plasma HDL-C is to increase the rate of HDL biosynthesis by capitalizing on the mechanisms that control the transcription of genes that play key roles in HDL biogenesis. We review some of the genetic and non-genetic factors that affect plasma HDL levels and functions and discuss the mechanisms that regulate HDL metabolism at the level of gene transcription in the liver focusing on apoA-I, ABCA1 and apoM.
Keywords: ABCA1, apoA-I, apoM, atherosclerosis, gene transcription, HDL, HDL-based therapies, hepatocyte nuclear factors, hormone nuclear receptors.
Current Medicinal Chemistry
Title:Metabolism of HDL and its Regulation
Volume: 21 Issue: 25
Author(s): D. Kardassis, I. Mosialou, M. Kanaki, I. Tiniakou and E. Thymiakou
Affiliation:
Keywords: ABCA1, apoA-I, apoM, atherosclerosis, gene transcription, HDL, HDL-based therapies, hepatocyte nuclear factors, hormone nuclear receptors.
Abstract: Epidemiological studies have shown that low plasma levels of High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) are associated with an increased risk for myocardial infarction. These studies suggested that by increasing HDL-C levels one could reduce cardiovascular risk. However, emerging evidence from studies in animals and humans indicate that high levels of HDL-C are not sufficient to confer atheroprotection but that the functionality of the HDL particles is equally important. The picture is complicated further by the finding that HDL functionality is compromised in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases such as Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis. Despite these obstacles, HDL raising is still a promising strategy for the reduction of CAD risk. Low HDL-C can be caused by inactivating mutations in apoA-I, ATP Binding Cassette Transporter A1 (ABCA1) or Lecithin-Cholesterol Acyl Transferase (LCAT) which affect HDL biogenesis and maturation whereas high HDL-C can be caused by mutations in Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein (CETP) or Scavenger receptor Class B Type I (SR-BI). Recent studies suggest that heterogeneity in HDL levels in the population is polygenic in origin. One approach to raise plasma HDL-C is to increase the rate of HDL biosynthesis by capitalizing on the mechanisms that control the transcription of genes that play key roles in HDL biogenesis. We review some of the genetic and non-genetic factors that affect plasma HDL levels and functions and discuss the mechanisms that regulate HDL metabolism at the level of gene transcription in the liver focusing on apoA-I, ABCA1 and apoM.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Kardassis D., Mosialou I., Kanaki M., Tiniakou I. and Thymiakou E., Metabolism of HDL and its Regulation, Current Medicinal Chemistry 2014; 21 (25) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867321666140303153430
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867321666140303153430 |
Print ISSN 0929-8673 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-533X |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Advances in Medicinal Chemistry: From Cancer to Chronic Diseases.
The broad spectrum of the issue will provide a comprehensive overview of emerging trends, novel therapeutic interventions, and translational insights that impact modern medicine. The primary focus will be diseases of global concern, including cancer, chronic pain, metabolic disorders, and autoimmune conditions, providing a broad overview of the advancements in ...read more
Approaches to the treatment of chronic inflammation
Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of numerous diseases, significantly impacting global health. Although chronic inflammation is a hot topic, not much has been written about approaches to its treatment. This thematic issue aims to showcase the latest advancements in chronic inflammation treatment and foster discussion on future directions in this ...read more
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Non-Infectious Inflammatory Diseases: Focus on Clinical Implications
The Special Issue covers the results of the studies on cellular and molecular mechanisms of non-infectious inflammatory diseases, in particular, autoimmune rheumatic diseases, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and other age-related disorders such as type II diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, etc. Review and research articles as well as methodology papers that summarize ...read more
Chalcogen-modified nucleic acid analogues
Chalcogen-modified nucleosides, nucleotides and oligonucleotides have been of great interest to scientific research for many years. The replacement of oxygen in the nucleobase, sugar or phosphate backbone by chalcogen atoms (sulfur, selenium, tellurium) gives these biomolecules unique properties resulting from their altered physical and chemical properties. The continuing interest in ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Cellular and Humoral Responses following Minimally Invasive Surgery: Role of Reactive Oxygen Species
Current Metabolomics Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutic Approaches to Reduce Acute Atherosclerotic Complications
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Toward Small-Molecule Inhibition of Protein–Protein Interactions: General Aspects and Recent Progress in Targeting Costimulatory and Coinhibitory (Immune Checkpoint) Interactions
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Rheumatoid Arthritis in Southern Europe: Epidemiological, Clinical, Radiological and Genetic Considerations
Current Rheumatology Reviews Fibromyalgia and Bipolar Disorder: Emerging Epidemiological Associations and Shared Pathophysiology
Current Molecular Medicine Life or Death? A Physiogenomic Approach to Understand Individual Variation in Responses to Hemorrhagic Shock
Current Genomics Preface [Hot topic: Autoimmunity (Executive Editors: D. Stahl and W. Sibrowski)]
Current Pharmaceutical Design The Heme Oxygenase System and Type-1 Diabetes
Current Pharmaceutical Design Strategies that Target Tight Junctions for Enhanced Drug Delivery
Current Pharmaceutical Design Impaired Expression and Function of Cancer-Related Enzymes by Anthocyans: An Update
Current Enzyme Inhibition Can Unconventional Exercise be Helpful in the Treatment, Management and Prevention of Osteosarcopenic Obesity?
Current Aging Science Apoptosis in the Homeostasis of the Immune System and in Human Immune Mediated Diseases
Current Pharmaceutical Design The Effect of Apium Nodiflorum in Experimental Osteoporosis
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Novel Adjunctive Therapies for the Treatment of Tuberculosis
Current Molecular Medicine Neutrophils and Eosinophils: Clinical Implications of their Appearance, Presence and Disappearance in Asthma and COPD
Current Drug Targets - Inflammation & Allergy Cinnamic Acid Derivatives as Anticancer Agents-A Review
Current Medicinal Chemistry The Use of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids as Therapeutic Agents for Inflammatory Diseases
Immunology, Endocrine & Metabolic Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Discontinued) Effect of the Intramolecular Hydrogen Bond on the Active Metabolite Analogs of Leflunomide for Blocking the <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase Enzyme: QTAIM, NBO, and Docking Study
Current Computer-Aided Drug Design Nerve Growth Factor in Neurological and Non-Neurological Diseases: Basic Findings and Emerging Pharmacological Prospectives
Current Pharmaceutical Design Current Status and Future Prospects of Small–molecule Protein–protein Interaction (PPI) Inhibitors of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) and Receptor Activator of NF-κB Ligand (RANKL)
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry