Abstract
Diabetic foot is one of the most common long term complications of diabetes. The risk of developing a foot ulcer is significantly increased when a patient presents with a callus. Callus develops due to various reasons, of which, the most important in people with diabetes is peripheral neuropathy. Motor neuropathy leads to deformity and sensory neuropathy causes lack of sensation, which results in persistent abnormal pressure on the foot. The cells of skin react to it by increasing keratinization and turns into a callus, which predisposes to foot ulceration. However, there is a lack of research in the field of callus. The link between hyperkeratosis, insulin and hyperglycaemia is not fully explored. There is also a lack of research on the relationship between genetic defects of hyperkeratosis, and the risk of developing a diabetic foot ulcer. There is scope for further research in this area, such as exploring whether development of callus is an individual risk factor, and whether glycaemic control or its treatment has any relationship with callus formation. The research around the genetic defects of hyperkeratosis may lead to identification of those, with diabetes, who may have increased risk of developing a foot ulcer.
Keywords: Callus, diabetes, hyperkeratosis, keratin, keratinzation, peripheral neuropathy.
Current Diabetes Reviews
Title:Pathogenesis and Treatment of Callus in the Diabetic Foot
Volume: 12 Issue: 3
Author(s): Ibrahim Arosi, George Hiner and Satyan Rajbhandari
Affiliation:
Keywords: Callus, diabetes, hyperkeratosis, keratin, keratinzation, peripheral neuropathy.
Abstract: Diabetic foot is one of the most common long term complications of diabetes. The risk of developing a foot ulcer is significantly increased when a patient presents with a callus. Callus develops due to various reasons, of which, the most important in people with diabetes is peripheral neuropathy. Motor neuropathy leads to deformity and sensory neuropathy causes lack of sensation, which results in persistent abnormal pressure on the foot. The cells of skin react to it by increasing keratinization and turns into a callus, which predisposes to foot ulceration. However, there is a lack of research in the field of callus. The link between hyperkeratosis, insulin and hyperglycaemia is not fully explored. There is also a lack of research on the relationship between genetic defects of hyperkeratosis, and the risk of developing a diabetic foot ulcer. There is scope for further research in this area, such as exploring whether development of callus is an individual risk factor, and whether glycaemic control or its treatment has any relationship with callus formation. The research around the genetic defects of hyperkeratosis may lead to identification of those, with diabetes, who may have increased risk of developing a foot ulcer.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Arosi Ibrahim, Hiner George and Rajbhandari Satyan, Pathogenesis and Treatment of Callus in the Diabetic Foot, Current Diabetes Reviews 2016; 12 (3) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573399811666150609160219
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573399811666150609160219 |
Print ISSN 1573-3998 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-6417 |
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
N-3 (Omega-3) Fatty Acids: Effects on Brain Dopamine Systems and Potential Role in the Etiology and Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets miR-143: A Novel Regulator of MyoD Expression in Fast and Slow Muscles of Siniperca chuatsi
Current Molecular Medicine Improving Metabolic Control Through Functional Foods
Current Medicinal Chemistry Subject Index To Volume 7
Current Protein & Peptide Science Markers of Early Vascular Ageing
Current Pharmaceutical Design Non-Genotoxic p53-Activators and their Significance as Antitumor Therapy of Future
Current Medicinal Chemistry Effects of Anticancer Drugs in Reproductive Parameters of Juvenile Male Animals and Role of Protective Agents
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Potential Clinical Applications of Multi-functional Milk Proteins and Peptides in Cancer Management
Current Medicinal Chemistry Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 (HIF-1): A Potential Target for Intervention in Ocular Neovascular Diseases
Current Drug Targets A Disposable, Highly Sensitive Biosensing System: Determination of Haptoglobin as a Significant Acute Phase Biomarker
Current Analytical Chemistry Editorial (Thematic Issue: New Therapeutic Targets in Clinical Medicine)
Current Pharmaceutical Design Critical Aspects to be Considered Prior to Large-Scale Production of Peptides
Current Protein & Peptide Science Immunoglobulin Free Light Chains in Immune Responses
Current Immunology Reviews (Discontinued) The Role of 5-AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) in Diabetic Nephropathy: A New Direction?
Current Enzyme Inhibition Molecularly Imprinted Polymer of Colocynthin, An Effective Tool for Quality Control of <i>Citrullus colocynthis</i> Extracts
Current Drug Discovery Technologies Cellular Uptake of Neutral Phosphorodiamidate Morpholino Oligomers
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology The Therapeutic Potential of miR-7 in Cancers
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Studies on Ocular and Parenteral Application Potentials of Azithromycin- Loaded Anionic, Cationic and Neutral-Charged Emulsions
Current Drug Delivery Characterizing Protein Structure, Dynamics and Conformation in Lyophilized Solids
Current Pharmaceutical Design Genetic Polymorphisms of Cytochrome p450 (2C9) Enzyme in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Turkmen and Fars Ethnic Groups
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets