Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are artificial substances, acting through androgen receptors and were primarily developed for the treatment of hypogonadism, tumors, hypercalcemia, hypercalcuria and other chronic diseases. The discovery, in the early 1930s that these substances may have other benefits related to improvement in physique and athletic performance, has encouraged extensive use of these substances by amateur and professional athletes and members of the general public. The range of AAS used can be classified as either endogenous or exogenous. When used for ergogenic or recreational purposes the dosage is more often higher than the recommended dosage, and at supraphysiological levels, AAS can cause a number of serious side effects including liver dysfunction, myocardial infarction and potentially stroke, due to its ability to increase platelet and platelet aggregation. Furthermore, these high dosages may or can affect other physiological systems including the immune system. Hence, this paper reviews the current research on the effects of a number of specific AAS in the immune system.
Keywords: Anabolic androgenic steroids, immune system, cytokines, estrogen, T cells, testosterone, platelet aggregation, stroke, liver dysfunction, side effects, athletes, chronic diseases
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry
Title: Is there a Potential Immune Dysfunction with Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Use?: A Review
Volume: 11 Issue: 5
Author(s): E. W. Brenu, L. McNaughton and S. M. Marshall-Gradisnik
Affiliation:
Keywords: Anabolic androgenic steroids, immune system, cytokines, estrogen, T cells, testosterone, platelet aggregation, stroke, liver dysfunction, side effects, athletes, chronic diseases
Abstract: Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are artificial substances, acting through androgen receptors and were primarily developed for the treatment of hypogonadism, tumors, hypercalcemia, hypercalcuria and other chronic diseases. The discovery, in the early 1930s that these substances may have other benefits related to improvement in physique and athletic performance, has encouraged extensive use of these substances by amateur and professional athletes and members of the general public. The range of AAS used can be classified as either endogenous or exogenous. When used for ergogenic or recreational purposes the dosage is more often higher than the recommended dosage, and at supraphysiological levels, AAS can cause a number of serious side effects including liver dysfunction, myocardial infarction and potentially stroke, due to its ability to increase platelet and platelet aggregation. Furthermore, these high dosages may or can affect other physiological systems including the immune system. Hence, this paper reviews the current research on the effects of a number of specific AAS in the immune system.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
W. Brenu E., McNaughton L. and M. Marshall-Gradisnik S., Is there a Potential Immune Dysfunction with Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Use?: A Review, Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 2011; 11 (5) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138955711795445907
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138955711795445907 |
Print ISSN 1389-5575 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-5607 |
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
Related Articles
-
Transforming Growth Factor-β: A Molecular Target for the Future Therapy of Glioblastoma
Current Pharmaceutical Design Modulation of Host Cell Nucleocytoplasmic Trafficking During Picornavirus Infection
Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Biologically Relevant Selenium-containing 5-Membered Heterocycles
Current Organic Chemistry Peptide Based Vaccine Design for Cancer Immunotherapy
Letters in Drug Design & Discovery Identification of Inflammatory, Metabolic, and Cell Survival Pathways Contributing to Cerebral Small Vessel Disease by Postmortem Gene Expression Microarray
Current Neurovascular Research Susceptibility Risk Alleles of -238G/A, -308G/A and -1031T/C Promoter Polymorphisms of TNF-α Gene to Uterine Leiomyomas
Recent Advances in DNA & Gene Sequences (Discontinued) Potential Cancer Gene Therapy by Baculoviral Transduction
Current Gene Therapy Patent Selections
Recent Patents on Medical Imaging Discovery and Development of Topoisomerase Inhibitors as Anticancer Agents
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Main Anti-tumor Angiogenesis Agents Isolated From Chinese Herbal Medicines
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Editorial (Thematic Issue: Targeting Cell Death and Proliferation Receptors in Cancer)
Current Pharmaceutical Design Sugar Based Biopolymers in Nanomedicine; New Emerging Era for Cancer Imaging and Therapy
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Metabolite Quantification in Tumours by Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Objectives, Results and Perspectives
Current Medical Imaging Polyphenol Supplementation as a Complementary Medicinal Approach to Treating Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Current Medicinal Chemistry Pro-Oxidative Action of Polyphenols as Action Mechanism for their Pro-Apoptotic Activity
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Tumor Stroma Manipulation By MSC
Current Drug Targets Skeletal Muscle in Cancer Cachexia: The Ideal Target of Drug Therapy
Current Cancer Drug Targets Inducers of Heme Oxygenase-1
Current Pharmaceutical Design Targeted Drug Therapy to Overcome Chemoresistance in Triple-negative Breast Cancer
Current Cancer Drug Targets Prospective Plant Based Anticancer Lead Molecules
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry