Abstract
Carbonylation due to oxidation and glycation is an important biochemical cause of degenerative diseases and aging. While the enigma of aging is understood as a result of molecular dysfunction due to the failure of maintenance systems, a brief history of the interpretation of aging mechanisms and the exact biochemistry connecting entropy and biological aging is addressed. Lipofuscin formation mechanisms resulting in irreparable accumulative changes represent the most important aging- related alterations of entropy increase in biological kingdom, which is very different from the damage-based “aging” process of inorganic materials. A fifth level of aging mechanism investigations that highlights the importance of functional groups of biochemistry, the “missing codes” of life science, is put forward in this review. Significance and validities of such ‘life codes’ in biology beyond genomic and proteomic concepts has also been clarified. An open-minded consideration of functional groups of biomolecules, such as carbonyl groups, may help to explain the mechanisms of fatigue and sleep in terms of neurobiochemistry and biological pharmaco-medicine.
Keywords: Aging mechanisms, Carbonyl stress, Entropy, Functional group, Life code, Neurobiochemistry.
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry
Title:The Essential Mechanisms of Aging: What Have We Learnt in Ten Years?
Volume: 16 Issue: 5
Author(s): Dazhong Yin
Affiliation:
Keywords: Aging mechanisms, Carbonyl stress, Entropy, Functional group, Life code, Neurobiochemistry.
Abstract: Carbonylation due to oxidation and glycation is an important biochemical cause of degenerative diseases and aging. While the enigma of aging is understood as a result of molecular dysfunction due to the failure of maintenance systems, a brief history of the interpretation of aging mechanisms and the exact biochemistry connecting entropy and biological aging is addressed. Lipofuscin formation mechanisms resulting in irreparable accumulative changes represent the most important aging- related alterations of entropy increase in biological kingdom, which is very different from the damage-based “aging” process of inorganic materials. A fifth level of aging mechanism investigations that highlights the importance of functional groups of biochemistry, the “missing codes” of life science, is put forward in this review. Significance and validities of such ‘life codes’ in biology beyond genomic and proteomic concepts has also been clarified. An open-minded consideration of functional groups of biomolecules, such as carbonyl groups, may help to explain the mechanisms of fatigue and sleep in terms of neurobiochemistry and biological pharmaco-medicine.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Yin Dazhong, The Essential Mechanisms of Aging: What Have We Learnt in Ten Years?, Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 2016; 16 (5) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026615666150813142854
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026615666150813142854 |
Print ISSN 1568-0266 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4294 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Chemistry Based on Natural Products for Therapeutic Purposes
The development of new pharmaceuticals for a wide range of medical conditions has long relied on the identification of promising natural products (NPs). There are over sixty percent of cancer, infectious illness, and CNS disease medications that include an NP pharmacophore, according to the Food and Drug Administration. Since NP ...read more
Current Trends in Drug Discovery Based on Artificial Intelligence and Computer-Aided Drug Design
Drug development discovery has faced several challenges over the years. In fact, the evolution of classical approaches to modern methods using computational methods, or Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD), has shown promising and essential results in any drug discovery campaign. Among these methods, molecular docking is one of the most notable ...read more
Drug Discovery in the Age of Artificial Intelligence
In the age of artificial intelligence (AI), we have witnessed a significant boom in AI techniques for drug discovery. AI techniques are increasingly integrated and accelerating the drug discovery process. These developments have not only attracted the attention of academia and industry but also raised important questions regarding the selection ...read more
From Biodiversity to Chemical Diversity: Focus of Flavonoids
Flavonoids are the largest group of polyphenols, plant secondary metabolites arising from the essential aromatic amino acid phenylalanine (or more rarely from tyrosine) via the phenylpropanoid pathway. The flavan nucleus is the basic 15-carbon skeleton of flavonoids (C6-C3-C6), which consists of two phenyl rings (A and B) and a heterocyclic ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Influence of Diabetes on the Pharmacokinetic Behavior of Natural Polyphenols
Current Drug Metabolism ACE2 and Diabetic Complications
Current Pharmaceutical Design Polymeric Biomaterial and Lipid Based Nanoparticles for Oral Drug Delivery
Current Medicinal Chemistry High Density Lipoprotein – Should we Raise it?
Current Vascular Pharmacology Early Life and Oxidative Stress in Psychiatric Disorders: What Can we Learn From Animal Models?
Current Pharmaceutical Design Role of Environmental Contaminants in the Etiology of Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review
Current Alzheimer Research Age and High-Fat Diet Effects on Glutamine Synthetase Immunoreactivity in Liver and Hippocampus and Recognition Memory in Mice
Current Aging Science Preface
Current Pharmaceutical Design Role of Gut Microbiota in Human Health and Diseases
Current Nutrition & Food Science Spirulina in Health Care Management
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Assessment and Relevance of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness (C-IMT) in Primary and Secondary Cardiovascular Prevention
Current Pharmaceutical Design Recent Developments in Drug Design of NO-donor Hybrid Compounds
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Human Islet Transplantation: Current Status and Future Direction
Micro and Nanosystems Mucoadhesive Propolis Gel for Prevention of Radiation-Induced Oral Mucositis
Current Clinical Pharmacology Preventing Atherosclerosis with Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: Emphasis on Diabetic Atherosclerosis
Current Drug Targets - Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders Natural Products Derived from the Mediterranean Diet with Antidiabetic Activity: from Insulin Mimetic Hypoglycemic to Nutriepigenetic Modulator Compounds
Current Pharmaceutical Design Potential Utility of Telmisartan, an Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blocker with Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ (PPAR-γ)-Modulating Activity for the Treatment of Cardiometabolic Disorders
Current Molecular Medicine Beta-cell Management in Type 2 Diabetes: Beneficial Role of Nutraceuticals
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Invasive Fungal Infection in Febrile Patients with Hematologic Malignancies Undergoing Chemotherapy in Iran
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Heart Failure in Diabetes Mellitus: An Updated Review
Current Pharmaceutical Design