Background: Obesity, a chronic low-grade inflammatory disease characterized by multiple metabolic dysfunctions, poses a considerable worldwide health risk to adults and children. Clove has also shown that it possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, antiglycation, and antiaging properties. Aim: The current study investigated the antiobesity effect of clove-loaded chitosan nanoparticles in obese rats. Method: Obesity is induced in rats by the administration of a high fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks. 24 rats were divided into 4 groups. Control group: rats were fed normal; HDF group: rats were HFD along with distilled water; HFD + empty nanoparticles (ENPs): rats were HFD along with ENPs (45 mg/kg); and HFD + clove nanoparticles (CNPs): rats were HFD along with CNPs (45 mg/kg) for four weeks. Results: Administration of ENPs and CNPs leads to a notable reduction in glucose, aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoproteins, malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, caspase-3, PCNA, leptin, and DNA fragmentation. Additionally, it promotes an increase in total proteins, albumin, high-density lipoprotein, glutathione, catalase, and adiponectin. Also, the histpathological investigation of the liver and kidney showed the protective effect of ENPs and CNPs on the tissues of obese rats. Conclusion: The present investigation elucidated the preventive effects of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with clove on dyslipidemia in obese rats. Clove nanoparticles exhibited hypolipidemia, antioxidant, hypoglycemia, and hepatoprotective activities.

Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a pressing global health crisis affecting millions worldwide. The conventional method of blood glucose monitoring (BGM) via finger pricking presents challenges, including discomfort and inconvenience, leading to inconsistent testing habits. Objective: This review aims to investigate the potential of nanomaterials in developing non-invasive, continuous glucose sensors that can analyze alternative body fluids like sweat or tears, thereby eliminating the necessity for finger pricks. Method: Studies investigating the potential of nanomaterials in diabetes management were sourced from academic databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus, based on predetermined selection criteria. Conclusion: The review examines the advantages of nanomaterials in glucose monitoring, including their high surface area for immobilizing a greater number of bioreceptor molecules, resulting in enhanced measurement accuracy. It explores specific nanomaterials such as gold nanoparticles for glucose detection, nanofibers for minimally invasive implantable systems for insulin delivery, and niosomes for improving oral bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of diabetes medications. The fusion of nanotechnology with BGM technologies signifies a transformative approach to diabetes management. Non-invasive sensors employing these innovative nanomaterials offer a more comfortable and user-friendly alternative to traditional methods. These advancements hold promise for enhancing patient outcomes and improving the quality of life for individuals with diabetes.

Aim: The present work comprises of formulation of in situ gel containing lipid core shell nanoparticles loaded with water soluble Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate by two-step solvent diffusion nanoprecipitation method for ocular delivery in corneal neovascularization. Background: The decreased precorneal residence time of ocular dosage forms is a major drawback leading to lowered drug penetration and compromised therapeutic efficacy. Objective: Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate was formulated into lipidic core shell nanoparticles loaded in situ gel with the objective of sustaining the drug release and enhancing the precorneal drug residence time. Methods: Polymeric nanoparticles were formulated using Eudragit L100 and PVA and coated by lipidic film of Soya phosphatidylcholine with Cholesterol. The obtained lipidic core shell nanoparticles were transformed into in situ gel using Gellan gum. The lipidic core shell nanoparticles and in situ gel was evaluated for relevant pharmaceutical parameters. Results: The technique of solvent diffusion nanoprecipitation was found to formulate Core shell lipid nanoparticles for BCS Class I drug Dexamethasone Sodium phosphate exhibiting a particle size of 368±0.54 nm and zeta potential -13.3±2 mV respectively. The lipidic core shell nanoparticles were found to show good entrapment efficiency with a controlled drug release when compared to drug solution. The transcorneal permeability was found to be declined for in situ gel loaded with core shell nanoparticles. Conclusion: The nanoparticle laden in situ gel was found to exhibit a controlled drug release and drug permeation thus confirming sustained release for BCS Class I drug Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate.

Nanoparticles have various scientific and technological uses. NPs are typically synthesized using one of three approaches: chemical, physical, or biological. In recent years, there have been various publications in the literature on the toxicity of non-bioNPs. The focus has switched to the manufacture of bio-nanoparticles employing bacteria, algae, and plants. Plant-mediated nanoparticles offer several medical and healthcare uses, including diagnostics, biological imaging, biosensors, and drug discovery. Plant-mediated nanoparticles possess antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-malarial, and anti-diabetic effects, making them attractive for medical applications. The anti-diabetic action of medicines and nanoparticles is primarily focused with reducing glucose release, boosting glucose utilization, and insulin release. As data suggests that glucotoxicity plays a significant role in secondary complications of diabetes, there is a growing interest in using these nanoparticles for glycation detection and therapy. This chapter focuses on the mechanism of glycation and its prevention by natural bio-constituents (carbohydrates, polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids, steroids, sapogenins, tannins, terpenoids, polyols, proteins, etc) act as capping and stabilizing agents for the "green" synthesis of metal nanoparticles, providing antioxidant, antimicrobial, biocompatibility, and Eco friendliness properties. These given an idea for development of plant-mediated nanoparticles with metallic and inorganic Salts like Se, TiO2, Ag, Au, CsCl, Fe2O3, And Silica Based Ce(III)Cl. To avoid the harmful consequences of AGEs, synthetic and natural substances can be used to limit glycation progression and heal resulting damage. Drugs can reduce AGE development by reducing oxidative damage to proteins and these inhibitor classes include antioxidants that capture radicals and metal ion chelators. However, using one family of inhibitors to dramatically limit AGE buildup is extremely challenging. It's possible that a single inhibitor has many mechanisms of action. The specific mechanism of AGEs-caused damage to biomolecules and the method by which inhibitors reduce AGE production remain unclear, contributing to misunderstandings. Efforts have been undertaken to produce medicines that act as multifunctional AGE inhibitors.

Metabolic syndrome—a collection of interrelated risk factors that includes obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia—poses a serious threat to world health. Chronic hyperglycemia is a hallmark of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, which contribute significantly to global morbidity and mortality rates. The effectiveness and safety of traditional therapy for diabetes and the metabolic problems and its causes are frequently lacking. With novel approaches to diabetes and metabolic syndrome diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment, nanotechnology has become a highly promising field. In present article; a summary of current developments in the use of nanomaterials to treat several components of the metabolic syndrome in diabetes are discussed. Nanomaterials can improve glucose sensing and monitoring, address inflammation and oxidative stress linked to metabolic dysfunction, modulate lipid metabolism, and improve insulin delivery. Additionally, the synthesis of nanomaterials by various techniques, such as top-down and bottom-up approaches are emphasized in this article. Furthermore, the categorizations of nanomaterials according to several factors are listed. All things considered, utilizing nanomaterials has enormous potential to transform the way that metabolic syndrome is managed in diabetes, providing new avenues for more efficient and patient- specific therapies.