Abstract
Inflammation is part of the body's response to internal and external environmental stimuli that normally eliminate the aggressor agent and restore the tissue physiology. However, when it becomes chronic, it can cause several pathologies such as cardiovascular, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer's autoimmune diseases and cancer. Currently, epidemiological data indicate that over 25% of all cancers are related to chronic infections and other types of unresolved inflammation. Further evidence of this relationship is the fact that prolonged use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been associated with reduced risk to developing many types of cancers. Some randomized trials have shown that NSAIDs have protective action against colon adenomas, breast, prostate, and lung cancers. The inflammation present on tumor microenvironment is characterized by leukocyte infiltration, ranging in size, distribution and composition, as: tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), mast cells, dendritic cells, natural killer (NK) cells, neutrophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes. These cells produce a variety of cytotoxic mediators such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS respectively), serine and cysteine proteases, membrane perforating agents, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukins (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8), interferons (IFNs) and enzymes, as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), lipooxygenase-5 (LOX-5) and phospholipase A2 (PLA2), which activate or are activated by transcription factors as nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and signal transducers and activators of transcription-3 (STAT3). Initially this paper will briefly review the main mediators present on tumor microenvironment, addressing the cytokines, chemokines, transcription factors, eicosanoid, and kinins and later, will present an overview of the role of inflammation in the different steps of carcinogenesis.
Keywords: Cancer, inflammation, tumor microenvironment, carcinogenesis, eicosanoids, kinins, cytokines, chemokines, transcription factors, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:Molecular Link Mechanisms between Inflammation and Cancer
Volume: 18 Issue: 26
Author(s): D. B. Vendramini-Costa and J. E. Carvalho
Affiliation:
Keywords: Cancer, inflammation, tumor microenvironment, carcinogenesis, eicosanoids, kinins, cytokines, chemokines, transcription factors, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
Abstract: Inflammation is part of the body's response to internal and external environmental stimuli that normally eliminate the aggressor agent and restore the tissue physiology. However, when it becomes chronic, it can cause several pathologies such as cardiovascular, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer's autoimmune diseases and cancer. Currently, epidemiological data indicate that over 25% of all cancers are related to chronic infections and other types of unresolved inflammation. Further evidence of this relationship is the fact that prolonged use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been associated with reduced risk to developing many types of cancers. Some randomized trials have shown that NSAIDs have protective action against colon adenomas, breast, prostate, and lung cancers. The inflammation present on tumor microenvironment is characterized by leukocyte infiltration, ranging in size, distribution and composition, as: tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), mast cells, dendritic cells, natural killer (NK) cells, neutrophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes. These cells produce a variety of cytotoxic mediators such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS respectively), serine and cysteine proteases, membrane perforating agents, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukins (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8), interferons (IFNs) and enzymes, as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), lipooxygenase-5 (LOX-5) and phospholipase A2 (PLA2), which activate or are activated by transcription factors as nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and signal transducers and activators of transcription-3 (STAT3). Initially this paper will briefly review the main mediators present on tumor microenvironment, addressing the cytokines, chemokines, transcription factors, eicosanoid, and kinins and later, will present an overview of the role of inflammation in the different steps of carcinogenesis.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
B. Vendramini-Costa D. and E. Carvalho J., Molecular Link Mechanisms between Inflammation and Cancer, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2012; 18 (26) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161212802083707
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161212802083707 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition as a Therapeutic Target for Prevention of Ocular Tissue Fibrosis
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Determination of Body Mass Index and Physical Activity in Normal Weight Children and Evaluation of Salivary Levels of Interleukin 10 and Interleukin 17
Clinical Immunology, Endocrine & Metabolic Drugs (Discontinued) Chemoprevention of Lung Pathologies by Dietary n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Current Medicinal Chemistry Identification of the Active Constituents and Significant Pathways of Guizhi-Shaoyao-Zhimu Decoction for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus Based on Molecular Docking and Network Pharmacology
Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening Psoriasis and Vascular Risk : An Update
Current Pharmaceutical Design CCR2 Antagonists
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Therapy in Undifferentiated Spondyloarthritis (USpA)
Current Rheumatology Reviews Novel Drugs for Inflammatory Lung Diseases
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents Drug Interactions between Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Cardiovascular Treatments (Except Anti-Agregant Therapy)
Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Recent Patents on Novel P2X7 Receptor Antagonists and their Potential for Reducing Central Nervous System Inflammation
Recent Patents on CNS Drug Discovery (Discontinued) Meet Our Editorial Board Member
Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening Development of Vasculature Targeting Strategies for the Treatment of Chronic Inflammatory Diseases
Current Drug Targets - Inflammation & Allergy Dual Acting Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Editorial (Thematic Issue: New Mechanisms and Targets for IBD Therapy: Translational Gastroenterology Comes of Age)
Current Drug Targets On the Genetics of Innate Immunity in Crohns Disease
Current Genomics Mitochondrial Pathology in Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes
Current Drug Targets Oxidative Stress and Opioids' Toxicity: An Update
Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry Challenging the Current Approaches to Multiple Myeloma-Related Bone Disease: From Bisphosphonates to Target Therapy
Current Cancer Drug Targets Current Status in the Discovery of Covalent Janus Kinase 3 (JAK3) Inhibitors
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Update on Anti-TNF-Alpha Treatment in Rheumatic Diseases
Current Drug Therapy