Abstract
The crosstalk in the functional interplay of the neuroimmune system is essential to ensure homeostasis preservation and health. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) can be understood in the context of aging of this neuroimmune communication. AD has an important genderdependent component and is benefitted by lifestyle strategies such as physical exercise, enriched environments and nutrition. Recently, the functional and redox state of peripheral immune cells has been proposed as a useful tool for measuring the progression of AD. The present review summarizes the relevance of the disruption of crosstalk among neurons, glial cells, immune mediators and cells from the very beginning of the prodromal stages of AD, when early BPSD symptoms have already started but cognitive function still seems apparently normal. The study of the role of neuroimmune system and how its disruption contributes to the onset of disease may help in understanding its biological mechanisms and in finding behavioral parameters and immunological biomarkers for the prodromic phases. Here we present results of 3xTg-AD mice from pre-morbid to early-stages of AD and how early BPSD-like symptoms correlate with changes in the organometrics of thymus and spleen that are indirect indicators of the immunological status. These functional relationships between behavioral and peripheral system also revealed the existence of differences between biological and chronological ages (an advanced biological age) since the prodromal stages. Overall, the data available suggest that the crosstalk between behavior (nervous) and immune system plays an important role since prodromal stages of AD.
Keywords: Behavior, Peripheral immune system, neuroimmunoendocrine communication, Alzheimer’s disease, Age.
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:Crosstalk between Behavior and Immune System During the Prodromal Stages of Alzheimer`s Disease
Volume: 20 Issue: 29
Author(s): Lydia Gimenez-Llort, Virginia Torres-Lista and Monica De la Fuente
Affiliation:
Keywords: Behavior, Peripheral immune system, neuroimmunoendocrine communication, Alzheimer’s disease, Age.
Abstract: The crosstalk in the functional interplay of the neuroimmune system is essential to ensure homeostasis preservation and health. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) can be understood in the context of aging of this neuroimmune communication. AD has an important genderdependent component and is benefitted by lifestyle strategies such as physical exercise, enriched environments and nutrition. Recently, the functional and redox state of peripheral immune cells has been proposed as a useful tool for measuring the progression of AD. The present review summarizes the relevance of the disruption of crosstalk among neurons, glial cells, immune mediators and cells from the very beginning of the prodromal stages of AD, when early BPSD symptoms have already started but cognitive function still seems apparently normal. The study of the role of neuroimmune system and how its disruption contributes to the onset of disease may help in understanding its biological mechanisms and in finding behavioral parameters and immunological biomarkers for the prodromic phases. Here we present results of 3xTg-AD mice from pre-morbid to early-stages of AD and how early BPSD-like symptoms correlate with changes in the organometrics of thymus and spleen that are indirect indicators of the immunological status. These functional relationships between behavioral and peripheral system also revealed the existence of differences between biological and chronological ages (an advanced biological age) since the prodromal stages. Overall, the data available suggest that the crosstalk between behavior (nervous) and immune system plays an important role since prodromal stages of AD.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Gimenez-Llort Lydia, Torres-Lista Virginia and Fuente De la Monica, Crosstalk between Behavior and Immune System During the Prodromal Stages of Alzheimer`s Disease, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2014; 20 (29) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612820666140130205500
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612820666140130205500 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Late Life Depression: A Diagnostic and Pharmacological Review
Current Psychopharmacology Identification of Novel Quantitative Traits-Associated Susceptibility Loci for APOE ε 4 Non-Carriers of Alzheimer’s Disease
Current Alzheimer Research Role of the Sex Hormone Estrogen in the Prevention of Lipid Disorder
Current Medicinal Chemistry Promoter Methylation and Gene Expression of Pin1 Associated with the Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease in Southern Chinese
Current Alzheimer Research Rho Kinase Inhibitors: Potential Treatments for Diabetes and Diabetic Complications
Current Pharmaceutical Design Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Impairment After Treatment with Anti-HIV Drugs: Clinical Implications
Current Pharmaceutical Design Level of Knowledge About Alzheimer's Disease Among Nursing Staff in Suzhou and its Influencing Factors
Current Alzheimer Research Towards Newer Molecular Targets for Chronic Diabetic Complications
Current Vascular Pharmacology Recent Advances in Management of Diabetic Macular Edema
Current Diabetes Reviews Rationale for Peptide and DNA Based Epitope Vaccines for Alzheimers Disease Immunotherapy
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Overactive Bladder - Current Treatment Modalities
Current Women`s Health Reviews Oxidative Mediated Neurodegeneration in Alzheimers Disease: Melatonin and Related Indoles as Neuroprotective Agents
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Immunology, Endocrine & Metabolic Agents The Long Run: Neuroprotective Effects of Physical Exercise on Adult Neurogenesis from Youth to Old Age
Current Neuropharmacology Ubiquitin Enzymes, Ubiquitin and Proteasome Activity in Blood Mononuclear Cells of MCI, Alzheimer and Parkinson Patients
Current Alzheimer Research Editorial (Thematic Issue: Treating Major Age-Related Diseases in Older and Oldest Old Patients)
Current Pharmaceutical Design The Neuroprotective Role of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) for Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Short Review on Experimental Studies
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Recent Updates of N-Type Calcium Channel Blockers with Therapeutic Potential for Neuropathic Pain and Stroke
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry The Glutamatergic Neurotransmission in the Central Nervous System
Current Medicinal Chemistry Protein Chemistry of Amyloid Fibrils and Chaperones: Implications for Amyloid Formation and Disease
Current Chemical Biology Phosphodiesterases as Therapeutic Targets for Huntington’s Disease
Current Pharmaceutical Design