Abstract
Background: The underlying pathophysiology of schizophrenia still remains elusive. Thus, there is a pressing need to identify novel targets for the development of new interventions and elucidate related biomarkers for the identification and monitoring of potentially responsive patients. In this sense, several hypotheses involving immune/inflammatory changes and the consequent oxidative/nitrosative stress, as well as a dysregulation in the immuno-inflammatory response have come into sight.
Methods: Considering the great amount of genes encoded by the microbiome and the evidences pointing to the potential role of the gut microbiota on several neurologic and psychiatric diseases, the aim of this review is to evaluate the possible role of these organisms in the immunopathogenesis of schizophrenia. To that end, we will focus not only on gut microbiota dysbiosis but also on bacterial translocation as an inductor of neuroinflammation.
Results: Studies have shown that the gut microbiota may play a key role in the immunopathogenesis of schizophrenia and that essential pathways implicated in the etiopathophysiology of schizophrenia are also regulated by the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis. Moreover, studies also indicate a possible role of the innate immunity through the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their activation by bacterial translocation, as a consequence of intestinal dysfunction, in the pathophysiology of psychotic disorders.
Conclusion: This is a promising area of investigation with huge potential to offer advances in the realm of personalized medicine and accordingly, future research should examine several microbiota-targeted therapies in order to improve symptoms and to decrease the immune dysregulation seen in patients with schizophrenia.
Keywords: Schizophrenia, Microbiota, Immunopathogenesis, Neuroinflammation, Bacterial translocation, Leaky gut, Microbial dysbiosis, food antigens.
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:The Microbiota and Gut-Brain Axis: Contributions to the Immunopathogenesis of Schizophrenia
Volume: 22 Issue: 40
Author(s): Javier R. Caso, Vicent Balanzá-Martínez, Tomás Palomo and Borja García-Bueno
Affiliation:
Keywords: Schizophrenia, Microbiota, Immunopathogenesis, Neuroinflammation, Bacterial translocation, Leaky gut, Microbial dysbiosis, food antigens.
Abstract: Background: The underlying pathophysiology of schizophrenia still remains elusive. Thus, there is a pressing need to identify novel targets for the development of new interventions and elucidate related biomarkers for the identification and monitoring of potentially responsive patients. In this sense, several hypotheses involving immune/inflammatory changes and the consequent oxidative/nitrosative stress, as well as a dysregulation in the immuno-inflammatory response have come into sight.
Methods: Considering the great amount of genes encoded by the microbiome and the evidences pointing to the potential role of the gut microbiota on several neurologic and psychiatric diseases, the aim of this review is to evaluate the possible role of these organisms in the immunopathogenesis of schizophrenia. To that end, we will focus not only on gut microbiota dysbiosis but also on bacterial translocation as an inductor of neuroinflammation.
Results: Studies have shown that the gut microbiota may play a key role in the immunopathogenesis of schizophrenia and that essential pathways implicated in the etiopathophysiology of schizophrenia are also regulated by the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis. Moreover, studies also indicate a possible role of the innate immunity through the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their activation by bacterial translocation, as a consequence of intestinal dysfunction, in the pathophysiology of psychotic disorders.
Conclusion: This is a promising area of investigation with huge potential to offer advances in the realm of personalized medicine and accordingly, future research should examine several microbiota-targeted therapies in order to improve symptoms and to decrease the immune dysregulation seen in patients with schizophrenia.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Caso R. Javier, Balanzá-Martínez Vicent, Palomo Tomás and García-Bueno Borja, The Microbiota and Gut-Brain Axis: Contributions to the Immunopathogenesis of Schizophrenia, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2016; 22 (40) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666160906160911
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666160906160911 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Acute Symptomatic Seizures in Geriatric Patients with Multiple Risk Factors - A Diagnostic Challenge
Current Aging Science Regulatory T Cells and Allergic Disease
Inflammation & Allergy - Drug Targets (Discontinued) Under the Microscope: Focus on Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection and Multiple Sclerosis
Current Neurovascular Research Natural Products for Targeting <i>Acanthamoeba</i> spp.
Anti-Infective Agents Silkworm as a Host of Baculovirus Expression
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Antipicornaviral Pyrrole-Containing Peptidomimetics
Protein & Peptide Letters The Effect of Pharmacotherapy for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder on Risk of Seizures in Pediatric Patients as Assessed in an Insurance Claims Database
Current Drug Safety Defining and Regulating Acute Inflammatory Lesion Formation during the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Algae Polysaccharides’ Chemical Characterization and their Role in the Inflammatory Process
Current Medicinal Chemistry Dichotomous Life of DNA Binding High Mobility Group Box1 Protein in Human Health and Disease
Current Protein & Peptide Science Potential Crossreactivity of Human Immune Responses Against HCMV Glycoprotein B
Current Drug Discovery Technologies Engineering of Chimeric Protein Based on E Protein Domain III of Tick- Borne Encephalitis Virus and OmpF Porin of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
Protein & Peptide Letters Pharmacological Manipulation of Neural Progenitor Pathways In Situ: Possibilities for Neural Restoration in the Injured Adult Brain
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Central Nervous System Agents Coumarins as Inhibitors of HIV Reverse Transcriptase
Current HIV Research In Vitro Evidence for Competitive TSPO Binding of the Imaging Biomarker Candidates Vinpocetine and Two Iodinated DAA1106 Analogues in Post Mortem Autoradiography Experiments on Whole Hemisphere Human Brain Slices
Current Radiopharmaceuticals Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Psychiatry
Inflammation & Allergy - Drug Targets (Discontinued) The Aftermath of Childhood Sexual Abuse: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Adolescent Psychiatry Intravenous Immunoglobulin Preparations and Autoimmune Disorders: Mechanisms of Action
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Natural Killer Cells Adjudicate Every Stage of Anti-Viral Immune Response
Current Immunology Reviews (Discontinued) Plasmid DNA Manufacturing Technology
Recent Patents on Biotechnology