Generic placeholder image

Current Diabetes Reviews

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1573-3998
ISSN (Online): 1875-6417

General Review Article

Vitamin D Supplementation in Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Current Perspective

Author(s): Shilia Jacob Kurian, Sonal Sekhar Miraj*, Ruby Benson, Murali Munisamy, Kavitha Saravu, Gabriel Sunil Rodrigues and Mahadev Rao*

Volume 17, Issue 4, 2021

Published on: 12 October, 2020

Page: [512 - 521] Pages: 10

DOI: 10.2174/1573399816999201012195735

Price: $65

Abstract

Introduction: Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a major complication of diabetes mellitus, as it can physically and emotionally impact the person. Its management can be challenging and expensive, depending on the severity of the wound and the presence of infection.

Background: The fat-soluble molecule, vitamin D, has gained great importance ever since its pleiotropism has been recognized. Its efficacy could be attributed to the presence of vitamin D receptors in most of the body tissues. Vitamin D plays a significant role in cell proliferation, differentiation, and immune modulation. It modulates the T and B cells resulting in the suppression of the immunoglobulins, autoimmunity, and inflammation.

Methods: We performed a literature search with the objective to highlight the role of vitamin D in peripheral vascular disease and peripheral neuropathy, which are the major risk factors for DFU, as well as evidences of its role in wound healing and management of DFU.

Results: Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that vitamin D influences multiple phases of wound healing and thereby accelerates the process. It modulates various cells involved in proliferation and remodelling phases. Vitamin D also enhances the expression of antimicrobial peptides that help to eliminate the microbes, as well as suppress the proinflammatory responses while enhancing the anti-inflammatory responses.

Conclusion: This review concludes vitamin D to have a protective role in the immune and vascular system, improve glycaemic outcomes, and wound healing. Therefore, vitamin D could be a preferred adjuvant in the management of DFU.

Keywords: Diabetic foot ulcer, vitamin D, peripheral vascular disease, wound healing, immunity, foot infection.

[1]
Diabetes AtlasIDFInternational Diabetes Federation c 2020.https://www.diabetesatlas.org/en/
[2]
Diabetes Atlas IDF. International Diabetes Federation c 2020.https://idf.org/our-network/regions-members/south-east-asia/members/94-india.html
[3]
Yesudian CA, Grepstad M, Visintin E, Ferrario A. The economic burden of diabetes in India: a review of the literature. Global Health 2014; 10: 80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12992-014-0080-x] [PMID: 25443136]
[4]
International Diabetes Federation. Clinical practice recommendation on the diabetic foot: a guide for health care professionals : International Diabetes Federation 2017.
[5]
Singh N, Armstrong DG, Lipsky BA. Preventing foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. JAMA 2005; 293(2): 217-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.293.2.217] [PMID: 15644549]
[6]
Macido A. Diabetic foot ulcers and vitamin D Status: a literature review. SAGE Open Nurs 2018; 4: 1-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2377960818789027]
[7]
Raghav A, Khan ZA, Labala RK, Ahmad J, Noor S, Mishra BK. Financial burden of diabetic foot ulcers to world: a progressive topic to discuss always. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2018; 9(1): 29-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2042018817744513] [PMID: 29344337]
[8]
Zhao R, Liang H, Clarke E, Jackson C, Xue M. Inflammation in chronic wounds. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17(12): 2085.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms17122085] [PMID: 27973441]
[9]
Al-Rubeaan K, Al Derwish M, Ouizi S, et al. Diabetic foot complications and their risk factors from a large retrospective cohort study. PLoS One 2015; 10(5): e0124446.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124446] [PMID: 25946144]
[10]
Hurlow JJ, Humphreys GJ, Bowling FL, McBain AJ. Diabetic foot infection: A critical complication. Int Wound J 2018; 15(5): 814-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/iwj.12932] [PMID: 29808598]
[11]
Viswanathan V, Rao VN. Managing diabetic foot infection in India. Int J Low Extrem Wounds 2013; 12(2): 158-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534734613486153] [PMID: 23667101]
[12]
Jnana A, Muthuraman V, Varghese VK, Chakrabarty S, Murali TS, Ramachandra L, et al. Distribution of microbial communities and core microbiome in successive wound grades of diabetic foot ulcer individuals. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86(6): e02608-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02608-19] [PMID: 31924616]
[13]
Neut D, Tijdens-Creusen EJ, Bulstra SK, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ. Biofilms in chronic diabetic foot ulcers--a study of 2 cases. Acta Orthop 2011; 82(3): 383-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/17453674.2011.581265] [PMID: 21561305]
[14]
James GA, Swogger E, Wolcott R, et al. Biofilms in chronic wounds. Wound Repair Regen 2008; 16(1): 37-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-475X.2007.00321.x] [PMID: 18086294]
[15]
Clinton A, Carter T. Chronic wound biofilms: pathogenesis and potential therapies. Lab Med 2015; 46(4): 277-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1309/LMBNSWKUI4JPN7SO] [PMID: 26489671]
[16]
Kirketerp-Møller K, Jensen PØ, Fazli M, et al. Distribution, organization, and ecology of bacteria in chronic wounds. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46(8): 2717-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00501-08] [PMID: 18508940]
[17]
Cowan T. Biofilms and their management: from concept to clinical reality. J Wound Care 2011; 20(5): 220-226, 222-226.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2011.20.5.220] [PMID: 21647067]
[18]
Ross AC, Taylor CL, Yaktine AL, Del Valle HB. Overview of vitamin D Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. US: National Academies Press 2011.
[19]
Cashman KD, Sheehy T, O’Neill CM. Is vitamin D deficiency a public health concern for low middle income countries? A systematic literature review. Eur J Nutr 2019; 58(1): 433-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00394-018-1607-3] [PMID: 29344677]
[20]
Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, et al. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96(7): 1911-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-0385] [PMID: 21646368]
[21]
Bikle DD. Vitamin D metabolism, mechanism of action, and clinical applications. Chem Biol 2014; 21(3): 319-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.12.016] [PMID: 24529992]
[22]
Jayashri R, Venkatesan U, Shanthirani CS, et al. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in urban south Indians with different grades of glucose tolerance. Br J Nutr 2020; 1-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114520001129] [PMID: 32213226]
[23]
Carrivick S, Alfonso H, Golledge J, et al. Differential associations of ferritin and 25-hydroxyvitamin D with fasting glucose and diabetes risk in community dwelling older men. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2019; 35(7): e3172.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3172] [PMID: 30997951]
[24]
Bhavya Swetha RV, Samal R, George CE. The Effect of vitamin D supplementation on improving glycaemic control in diabetic vitamin D-deficient pregnant women: a single-blinded randomized control trial. J Obstet Gynaecol India 2020; 70(2): 119-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13224-019-01289-1] [PMID: 32255949]
[25]
Upreti V, Maitri V, Dhull P, Handa A, Prakash MS, Behl A. Effect of oral vitamin D supplementation on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with coexisting hypovitaminosis D: A parellel group placebo controlled randomized controlled pilot study. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2018; 12(4): 509-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2018.03.008] [PMID: 29580871]
[26]
Safarpour P, Daneshi-Maskooni M, Vafa M, et al. Vitamin D supplementation improves SIRT1, Irisin, and glucose indices in overweight or obese type 2 diabetic patients: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. BMC Fam Pract 2020; 21(1): 26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12875-020-1096-3] [PMID: 32033527]
[27]
Maranta F, Cianfanelli L, Cianflone D. Glycaemic control and vascular complications in diabetes mellitus type 2. Adv Exp Med Biol 2020.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/5584_2020_514] [PMID: 32266607]
[28]
Iannuzzo G, Lupoli R, Forte F, Di Minno MND. Association of vitamin D deficiency with peripheral arterial disease: a meta-analysis of literature studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103(12): 4448-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2018-01778] [PMID: 30285120]
[29]
Nsengiyumva V, Fernando ME, Moxon JV, et al. The association of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration with peripheral arterial disease: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Atherosclerosis 2015; 243(2): 645-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.10.011] [PMID: 26554715]
[30]
Li DM, Zhang Y, Li Q, Xu XH, Ding B, Ma JH. Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D level is associated with peripheral arterial disease in type 2 diabetes patients. Arch Med Res 2016; 47(1): 49-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2016.01.007] [PMID: 26854799]
[31]
Hussin AM, Ashor AW, Schoenmakers I, Hill T, Mathers JC, Siervo M. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on endothelial function: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. Eur J Nutr 2017; 56(3): 1095-104.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00394-016-1159-3] [PMID: 26848580]
[32]
Andrukhova O, Slavic S, Zeitz U, et al. Vitamin D is a regulator of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and arterial stiffness in mice. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28(1): 53-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/me.2013-1252] [PMID: 24284821]
[33]
Chen S, Law CS, Grigsby CL, Olsen K, Gardner DG. A role for the cell cycle phosphatase Cdc25a in vitamin D-dependent inhibition of adult rat vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 122(5): 326-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.08.007] [PMID: 20813185]
[34]
Molinuevo MS, Fernández JM, Cortizo AM, McCarthy AD, Schurman L, Sedlinsky C. Advanced glycation end products and strontium ranelate promote osteogenic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro: Preventive role of vitamin D. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 450: 94-104.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2017.04.022] [PMID: 28456475]
[35]
Li YC, Kong J, Wei M, Chen Z-F, Liu SQ, Cao L-P. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) is a negative endocrine regulator of the renin-angiotensin system. J Clin Invest 2002; 110(2): 229-38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI0215219] [PMID: 12122115]
[36]
Yuan W, Pan W, Kong J, et al. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses renin gene transcription by blocking the activity of the cyclic AMP response element in the renin gene promoter. J Biol Chem 2007; 282(41): 29821-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M705495200] [PMID: 17690094]
[37]
Dong J, Wong SL, Lau CW, et al. Calcitriol protects renovascular function in hypertension by down-regulating angiotensin II type 1 receptors and reducing oxidative stress. Eur Heart J 2012; 33(23): 2980-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehr459] [PMID: 22267242]
[38]
Gonçalves de Carvalho CM, Ribeiro SML. Aging, low-grade systemic inflammation and vitamin D: a mini-review. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 71(4): 434-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2016.177] [PMID: 27677370]
[39]
Bouillon R, Marcocci C, Carmeliet G, et al. Skeletal and extraskeletal actions of vitamin D: current evidence and outstanding questions. Endocr Rev 2019; 40(4): 1109-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/er.2018-00126] [PMID: 30321335]
[40]
Riaz S, Malcangio M, Miller M, Tomlinson DR. A vitamin D(3) derivative (CB1093) induces nerve growth factor and prevents neurotrophic deficits in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Diabetologia 1999; 42(11): 1308-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001250051443] [PMID: 10550414]
[41]
Yuan J, Jia P, Hua L, Xin Z, Yang J-K. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with risk of developing peripheral arterial disease in type 2 diabetic patients. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2019; 19(1): 145.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12872-019-1125-0] [PMID: 31208330]
[42]
He R, Hu Y, Zeng H, et al. Vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of peripheral neuropathy in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2017; 33(2): e2820.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.2820] [PMID: 27155442]
[43]
Qu GB, Wang LL, Tang X, Wu W, Sun YH. The association between vitamin D level and diabetic peripheral neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: An update systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Transl Endocrinol 2017; 9: 25-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcte.2017.04.001] [PMID: 29067266]
[44]
Kamble A, Swarnkar M. A study of the prevalence and severity of vitamin D deficiency in patient with diabetic foot and its association with vascular calcification and effect on healing. Int J Surg 2019; 6(5): 1654-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20191886]
[45]
Sugden JA, Davies JI, Witham MD, Morris AD, Struthers AD. Vitamin D improves endothelial function in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and low vitamin D levels. Diabet Med 2008; 25(3): 320-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02360.x] [PMID: 18279409]
[46]
Millán-Guerrero RO, Vásquez C, Isaís-Millán S, Trujillo-Hernández B, Caballero-Hoyos R. [Association between neuropathy and peripheral vascular insufficiency in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2]. Rev Invest Clin 2011; 63(6): 621-9.
[PMID: 23650675]
[47]
Boulton AJ. Diabetic neuropathy and foot complications.Handbook of clinical neurology. Elsevier 2014; Vol. 126: pp. 97-107.
[48]
Su JB, Zhao LH, Zhang XL, et al. HbA1c variability and diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetic patients. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018; 17(1): 47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12933-018-0693-0] [PMID: 29598819]
[49]
Hicks CW, Selvin E. Epidemiology of peripheral neuropathy and lower extremity disease in diabetes. Curr Diab Rep 2019; 19(10): 86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11892-019-1212-8] [PMID: 31456118]
[50]
Tesfaye S, Sloan G. Diabetic polyneuropathy-advances in diagnosis and intervention strategies. Eur Endocrinol 2020; 16(1): 15-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/EE.2020.16.1.15] [PMID: 32595764]
[51]
Niu Y, Li J, Peng R, Zhao X, Wu J, Tang Q. Low vitamin D is associated with diabetes peripheral neuropathy in older but not in young and middle-aged patients. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2019; 35(6): e3162.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3162] [PMID: 30931541]
[52]
Alamdari A, Mozafari R, Tafakhori A, et al. An inverse association between serum vitamin D levels with the presence and severity of impaired nerve conduction velocity and large fiber peripheral neuropathy in diabetic subjects. Neurol Sci 2015; 36(7): 1121-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-015-2207-0] [PMID: 25851730]
[53]
Alkhatatbeh M, Abdul-Razzak KK. Neuropathic pain is not associated with serum vitamin D but is associated with female gender in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2019; 7(1): e000690.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000690] [PMID: 31275577]
[54]
Shillo P, Selvarajah D, Greig M, et al. Reduced vitamin D levels in painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Diabet Med 2019; 36(1): 44-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dme.13798] [PMID: 30102801]
[55]
Alam U, Petropoulos IN, Ponirakis G, et al. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with painful diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2020; e3361.
[PMID: 32506740]
[56]
Samina Riaz S, Tomlinson DR. Pharmacological modulation of nerve growth factor synthesis: a mechanistic comparison of vitamin D receptor and β(2)-adrenoceptor agonists. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2000; 85(1-2): 179-88.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-328X(00)00254-0] [PMID: 11146120]
[57]
Fan L, Zhang Y, Zhu J, et al. Association of vitamin D deficiency with diabetic peripheral neuropathy and diabetic nephropathy in Tianjin, China. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2018; 27(3): 599-606.
[PMID: 29737807]
[58]
Bilir B, Tulubas F, Bilir BE, et al. The association of vitamin D with inflammatory cytokines in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. J Phys Ther Sci 2016; 28(7): 2159-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1589/jpts.28.2159] [PMID: 27512288]
[59]
Banafshe HR, Khoshnoud MJ, Abed A, Saghazadeh M, Mesdaghinia A. Vitamin D supplementation attenuates the behavioral scores of neuropathic pain in rats. Nutr Neurosci 2019; 22(10): 700-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1028415X.2018.1435485] [PMID: 29431049]
[60]
Basit A, Basit KA, Fawwad A, et al. Vitamin D for the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2016; 4(1): e000148.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2015-000148] [PMID: 27026808]
[61]
Yammine K, Wehbe R, Assi C. A systematic review on the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation on diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Clin Nutr 2020; S0261-5614(20): 30045-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2020.01.022]
[62]
Wei W, Zhang Y, Chen R, Qiu X, Gao Y, Chen Q. The efficacy of vitamin D supplementation on painful diabetic neuropathy: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99(31): e20871.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000020871] [PMID: 32756079]
[63]
Alam U, Fawwad A, Shaheen F, Tahir B, Basit A, Malik RA. Improvement in neuropathy specific quality of life in patients with diabetes after vitamin D supplementation. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017
[64]
Hewison M. Vitamin D and the immune system: new perspectives on an old theme. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2012; 38(1): 125-39.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rdc.2012.03.012] [PMID: 22525848]
[65]
Di Rosa M, Malaguarnera M, Nicoletti F, Malaguarnera L. Vitamin D3: a helpful immuno-modulator. Immunology 2011; 134(2): 123-39.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03482.x] [PMID: 21896008]
[66]
Vanherwegen A-S, Gysemans C, Mathieu C. Regulation of immune function by vitamin D and its use in diseases of immunity. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2017; 46(4): 1061-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2017.07.010] [PMID: 29080635]
[67]
Rivas-Santiago B, Trujillo V, Montoya A, et al. Expression of antimicrobial peptides in diabetic foot ulcer. J Dermatol Sci 2012; 65(1): 19-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.09.013] [PMID: 22047630]
[68]
Schauber J, Dorschner RA, Coda AB, et al. Injury enhances TLR2 function and antimicrobial peptide expression through a vitamin D-dependent mechanism. J Clin Invest 2007; 117(3): 803-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI30142] [PMID: 17290304]
[69]
Lin R. Crosstalk between Vitamin D metabolism, VDR signalling, and innate immunity. BioMed Res Int 2016; 2016(5): 1375858.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1375858] [PMID: 27403416]
[70]
Gonzalez-Curiel I, Trujillo V, Montoya-Rosales A, et al. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces LL-37 and HBD-2 production in keratinocytes from diabetic foot ulcers promoting wound healing: an in vitro model. PLoS One 2014; 9(10): e111355.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111355] [PMID: 25337708]
[71]
Ramos-Martínez E, López-Vancell MR, Fernández de Córdova-Aguirre JC, et al. Reduction of respiratory infections in asthma patients supplemented with vitamin D is related to increased serum IL-10 and IFNγ levels and cathelicidin expression. Cytokine 2018; 108: 239-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2018.01.001] [PMID: 29402723]
[72]
Lowry MB, Guo C, Zhang Y, et al. A mouse model for vitamin D-induced human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide gene expression. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 198: 105552.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105552] [PMID: 31783153]
[73]
Sharifi A, Hosseinzadeh-Attar MJ, Vahedi H, Nedjat S. A randomized controlled trial on the effect of vitamin D3 on inflammation and cathelicidin gene expression in ulcerative colitis patients. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2016; 22(4): 316-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1319-3767.187606] [PMID: 27488327]
[74]
Martineau AR, Jolliffe DA, Hooper RL, et al. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. BMJ 2017; 356: i6583.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i6583] [PMID: 28202713]
[75]
Tran B, Armstrong BK, Ebeling PR, et al. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on antibiotic use: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 99(1): 156-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.063271] [PMID: 24108783]
[76]
Amon U, Baier L, Yaguboglu R, Ennis M, Holick MF, Amon J. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in patients with skin diseases including psoriasis, infections, and atopic dermatitis. Dermatoendocrinol 2018; 10(1): e1442159.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19381980.2018.1442159] [PMID: 29904567]
[77]
Guillet A, Brocard A, Bach Ngohou K, et al. Verneuil’s disease, innate immunity and vitamin D: a pilot study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2015; 29(7): 1347-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jdv.12857] [PMID: 25512084]
[78]
Udompataikul M, Huajai S, Chalermchai T, Taweechotipatr M, Kamanamool N. The effects of oral vitamin D supplement on atopic dermatitis: a clinical trial with Staphylococcus aureus colonization determination. J Med Assoc Thai 2015; 98(Suppl. 9): S23-30.
[PMID: 26817206]
[79]
Szántó M, Dózsa A, Antal D, Szabó K, Kemény L, Bai P. Targeting the gut-skin axis-Probiotics as new tools for skin disorder management? Exp Dermatol 2019; 28(11): 1210-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/exd.14016] [PMID: 31386766]
[80]
Sonal Sekhar M, Unnikrishnan MK, Vijayanarayana K, Rodrigues GS, Mukhopadhyay C. Topical application/formulation of probiotics: will it be a novel treatment approach for diabetic foot ulcer? Med Hypotheses 2014; 82(1): 86-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2013.11.013] [PMID: 24296233]
[81]
Mohseni S, Bayani M, Bahmani F, et al. The beneficial effects of probiotic administration on wound healing and metabolic status in patients with diabetic foot ulcer: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2018; 34(3): e2970.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.2970] [PMID: 29193662]
[82]
Canfora EE, Meex RCR, Venema K, Blaak EE. Gut microbial metabolites in obesity, NAFLD and T2DM. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2019; 15(5): 261-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41574-019-0156-z] [PMID: 30670819]
[83]
Bora SA, Kennett MJ, Smith PB, Patterson AD, Cantorna MT. The gut microbiota regulates endocrine vitamin D metabolism through fibroblast growth factor 23. Front Immunol 2018; 9: 408.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00408] [PMID: 29599772]
[84]
Zuo K, Li J, Xu Q, et al. Dysbiotic gut microbes may contribute to hypertension by limiting vitamin D production. Clin Cardiol 2019; 42(8): 710-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clc.23195] [PMID: 31099039]
[85]
Jones ML, Martoni CJ, Prakash S. Oral supplementation with probiotic L. reuteri NCIMB 30242 increases mean circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D: a post hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98(7): 2944-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2012-4262] [PMID: 23609838]
[86]
Sinno S, Lee DS, Khachemoune A. Vitamins and cutaneous wound healing. J Wound Care 2011; 20(6): 287-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2011.20.6.287] [PMID: 21727879]
[87]
Trujillo V, Marín-Luevano P, González-Curiel I, et al. Calcitriol promotes proangiogenic molecules in keratinocytes in a diabetic foot ulcer model. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 174: 303-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.10.013] [PMID: 29042175]
[88]
Gonzalez-Curiel I, Castañeda-Delgado J, Lopez-Lopez N, et al. Differential expression of antimicrobial peptides in active and latent tuberculosis and its relationship with diabetes mellitus. Hum Immunol 2011; 72(8): 656-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.humimm.2011.03.027] [PMID: 21539878]
[89]
Yuan Y, Das SK, Li M. Vitamin D ameliorates impaired wound healing in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice by suppressing NF-κB-mediated inflammatory genes. Biosci Rep 2018; 38(2): BSR20171294.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/BSR20171294] [PMID: 29330224]
[90]
Bikle D, Nemanic M, Gee E, Elias P. l, 25 (OH) 2 D 3 production by human keratinocytes. Kinetics and regulation. J Clin Invest 1986; 78: 557-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI112609] [PMID: 2426308]
[91]
Lehmann B, Genehr T, Knuschke P, Pietzsch J, Meurer M. UVB-induced conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in an in vitro human skin equivalent model. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 117(5): 1179-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01538.x] [PMID: 11710930]
[92]
Feldkamp J, Jungheim K, Schott M, Jacobs B, Roden M. Severe vitamin D3 deficiency in the majority of patients with diabetic foot ulcers. Horm Metab Res 2018; 50(8): 615-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0648-8178] [PMID: 29975973]
[93]
Zubair M, Malik A, Meerza D, Ahmad J. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels and diabetic foot ulcer: is there any relationship? Diabetes Metab Syndr 2013; 7(3): 148-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2013.06.008] [PMID: 23953180]
[94]
Najafipour F, Aghamohammadza N, Zonouz NR, Houshyar J. Role of serum vitamin D level in progression of diabetic foot ulcer. J Clin Diagn Res 2019; 13(2): BC15-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2019/39974.12689]
[95]
Greenhagen RM, Frykberg RG, Wukich DK. Serum vitamin D and diabetic foot complications. Diabet Foot Ankle 2019; 10(1): 1579631.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2000625X.2019.1579631] [PMID: 30815231]
[96]
Dai J, Jiang C, Chen H, Chai Y. Vitamin D and diabetic foot ulcer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Diabetes 2019; 9(1): 8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41387-019-0078-9] [PMID: 30858355]
[97]
Tiwari S, Pratyush DD, Gupta B, et al. Prevalence and severity of vitamin D deficiency in patients with diabetic foot infection. Br J Nutr 2013; 109(1): 99-102.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512000578] [PMID: 22715859]
[98]
Tiwari S, Pratyush DD, Gupta SK, Singh SK. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with inflammatory cytokine concentrations in patients with diabetic foot infection. Br J Nutr 2014; 112(12): 1938-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114514003018] [PMID: 25331710]
[99]
De Vita F, Lauretani F, Bauer J, et al. Relationship between vitamin D and inflammatory markers in older individuals. Age (Dordr) 2014; 36(4): 9694.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11357-014-9694-4] [PMID: 25086618]
[100]
Mousa A, Naderpoor N, Teede H, Scragg R, de Courten B. Vitamin D supplementation for improvement of chronic low-grade inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Rev 2018; 76(5): 380-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nux077] [PMID: 29490085]
[101]
Razzaghi R, Pourbagheri H, Momen-Heravi M, et al. The effects of vitamin D supplementation on wound healing and metabolic status in patients with diabetic foot ulcer: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Diabetes Complications 2017; 31(4): 766-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.06.017] [PMID: 27363929]
[102]
Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Haratian-Arab M, Tavakkoli HM, Nadjarzadeh A. Comparative effect of two different doses of vitamin D on diabetic foot ulcer and inflammatory indices among the type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized clinical trial. Iran. J Diabetes Obes 2016; 8(4): 171-64.
[103]
Tian XQ, Chen TC, Holick MF. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: a novel agent for enhancing wound healing. J Cell Biochem 1995; 59(1): 53-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240590107] [PMID: 8530536]
[104]
Shekhar C, Aggarwal A, Chittoria RK, Upadhyay P, Chavan V, Gupta S. Role of topical cholecalciferol granules for antimicrobial drug delivery in diabetic foot ulcers. Indian J Orthop 2019; 5(2): 165-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijos.2019.031]
[105]
Shekhar C. An innovative technique in local antibiotic delivery method in open infected wounds of the musculoskeletal system. Int J Low Extrem Wounds 2019; 18(2): 153-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534734619841764] [PMID: 31066316]
[106]
Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Orav EJ, et al. Monthly high-dose vitamin D treatment for the prevention of functional decline: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 2016; 176(2): 175-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.7148] [PMID: 26747333]
[107]
Cummings SR, Kiel DP, Black DM. Vitamin D supplementation and increased risk of falling: A cautionary tale of vitamin supplements retold. JAMA Intern Med 2016; 176(2): 171-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.7568] [PMID: 26746474]
[108]
Uusi-Rasi K, Patil R, Karinkanta S, et al. Exercise and vitamin D in fall prevention among older women: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 2015; 175(5): 703-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.0225] [PMID: 25799402]
[109]
Hansen KE, Johnson RE, Chambers KR, et al. Treatment of vitamin D insufficiency in postmenopausal women: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 2015; 175(10): 1612-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.3874] [PMID: 26237520]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy