Generic placeholder image

Current Psychopharmacology

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 2211-5560
ISSN (Online): 2211-5579

Research Article

Short, but Highly Concentrated, Direct Inhalations of Essential Oil Molecules Improve Poor Sleep Quality: A Natural History Controlled, Withingroup, Self-administration Field Pilot Study

Author(s): Rainer Schneider*

Volume 10, Issue 2, 2021

Published on: 08 January, 2021

Page: [162 - 168] Pages: 7

DOI: 10.2174/2211556009666210108111832

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Essential oils are among the preferred alternative remedies for treating sleep disturbance, but empirical evidence for their effectiveness is varied. According to a new line of research, an inhaler designed to deliver high concentrations of essential oil molecules directly into the nose effectively influences the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the autonomous nervous system.

Objective: This study was run to investigate whether insomnia complaints were reduced upon the use of the inhaler AromaStick® ‘Relax’.

Methods: A documentation field study involving thirty individuals with a recorded history of nonspecific insomnia complaints was conducted to determine the inhaler’s specific effects.

Results: Upon nightly use for one week, the odor inhaler strongly improved sleep quality and reduced symptoms associated with poor sleep. Depending on the dimensions tested, effect sizes ranged between 0.8 < d < 2.6. The strongest effects were found for ‘difficulty maintaining sleep’, ‘difficulty initiating sleep’ and ‘feeling recovered after sleeping’.

Conclusion: The inhaler proved to be useful in mitigating sleep impairment. The effects were strongest in individuals reporting low sleep quality.

Keywords: Aromatherapy, AromaStick®, essential oil inhaler, effectiveness, sleep disturbance, sleep quality.

Graphical Abstract
[1]
Frase L, Nissen C, Riemann D, Spiegelhalder K. Making sleep easier: pharmacological interventions for insomnia. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2018; 19(13): 1465-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2018.1511705] [PMID: 30175928]
[2]
Proctor A, Bianchi MT. Clinical pharmacology in sleep medicine. ISRN Pharmacol 2012; 2012914168
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/914168]
[3]
van Straten A, Cuijpers P. Self-help therapy for insomnia: a meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 2009; 13(1): 61-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2008.04.006] [PMID: 18952469]
[4]
Murawski B, Wade L, Plotnikoff RC, Lubans DR, Duncan MJ. A systematic review and meta-analysis of cognitive and behavioral interventions to improve sleep health in adults without sleep disorders. Sleep Med Rev 2018; 40: 160-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2017.12.003] [PMID: 29397329]
[5]
Hwang E, Shin S. Effectiveness of non-pharmacological intervention for insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Indian J Sci Technol 2016; 9(9): 1-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i40/103247]
[6]
Hwang E, Shin S. The effects of aromatherapy on sleep improvement: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. J Altern Complement Med 2015; 21(2): 61-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/acm.2014.0113] [PMID: 25584799]
[7]
Koulivand PH, Khaleghi Ghadiri M, Gorji A. Lavender and the nervous system. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013; 2013681304
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/681304] [PMID: 23573142]
[8]
Fismer KL, Pilkington K. Lavender and sleep: a systematic review of the evidence. Eur J Integr Med 2012; 4: e436-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2012.08.001]
[9]
Keshavarz Afshar M, Behboodi Moghadam Z, Taghizadeh Z, Bekhradi R, Montazeri A, Mokhtari P. Lavender fragrance essential oil and the quality of sleep in postpartum women. Iran Red Crescent Med J 2015; 17(4)e25880
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.17(4)2015.25880] [PMID: 26023343]
[10]
Moeini M, Khadibi M, Bekhradi R, Mahmoudian SA, Nazari F. Effect of aromatherapy on the quality of sleep in ischemic heart disease patients hospitalized in intensive care units of heart hospitals of the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res 2010; 15(4): 234-9.
[PMID: 22049287]
[11]
Takeda A, Watanuki E, Koyama S. Effects of inhalation aromatherapy on symptoms of sleep disturbance in the elderly with dementia. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2017; 20171902807
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1902807] [PMID: 28400839]
[12]
Lee MK, Lim S, Song JA, Kim ME, Hur MH. The effects of aromatherapy essential oil inhalation on stress, sleep quality and immunity in healthy adults: Randomized controlled trial. Eur J Integr Med 2017; 12: 79-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2017.04.009]
[13]
Schneider R, Singer N, Singer T. Medical aromatherapy revisited-Basic mechanisms, critique, and a new development. Hum Psychopharmacol 2019; 34(1)e2683
[PMID: 30525233]
[14]
Keyhani K, Scherer PW, Mozell MM. Numerical simulation of airflow in the human nasal cavity. J Biomech Eng 1995; 117(4): 429-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2794204] [PMID: 8748525]
[15]
Verhagen JV, Wesson DW, Netoff TI, White JA, Wachowiak M. Sniffing controls an adaptive filter of sensory input to the olfactory bulb. Nat Neurosci 2007; 10(5): 631-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1892] [PMID: 17450136]
[16]
Singer J. Composition for use in an inhalation device and inhalation device useful thereof. US2016/0279358 A1,. 2016.
[17]
Schneider R. There is something in the air: Testing the efficacy of a new olfactory stress relief method (AromaStick®). Stress Health 2016; 32(4): 411-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smi.2636] [PMID: 25787105]
[18]
Schneider R. A breath of fresh air: arterial blood oxygen saturation is increased upon the use of an essential oil inhaler (AromaStick®). Results from a prospective, controlled, experimental study involving healthy individuals. Curr Respir Med Rev 2017; 13: 213-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573398X14666180221112846]
[19]
Schneider R. Essential oil inhaler (AromaStick®) improves heat tolerance in the Hot Immersion Test (HIT). Results from two randomized, controlled experiments. J Therm Biol 2020; 87102478
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.102478] [PMID: 31999606]
[20]
Görtelmeyer R. Schlaffragebogen SF-A/R und SF-A/B (Sleep Questionnaire SF-A/R and SF-A/B). Göttingen: Hogrefe 2011.
[21]
Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale: Laurence Erlbaum Associates 2008.
[22]
Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JPT, Rothstein HR. Introduction to meta-analysis. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons 2009.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470743386]
[23]
Hunter JE, Schmidt F. Methods of meta-analysis: correcting error and bias in research findings. London: Sage 2004.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412985031]
[24]
Greenland S, Senn SJ, Rothman KJ, et al. Statistical tests, P values, confidence intervals, and power: a guide to misinterpretations. Eur J Epidemiol 2016; 31(4): 337-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10654-016-0149-3] [PMID: 27209009]
[25]
Spiegelhalder K, Regen W, Feige B, et al. Sleep-related arousal versus general cognitive arousal in primary insomnia. J Clin Sleep Med 2012; 8(4): 431-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.2040] [PMID: 22893774]
[26]
Jerath R, Edry JW, Barnes VA, Jerath V. Physiology of long pranayamic breathing: neural respiratory elements may provide a mechanism that explains how slow deep breathing shifts the autonomic nervous system. Med Hypotheses 2006; 67(3): 566-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2006.02.042] [PMID: 16624497]
[27]
Bellemare C, Bissonnette L, Kröger S. Statistical power of within and between-subjects designs in economic experimentsIZA DP 2014.http://repec.iza.org/dp8583.pdf
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3149007]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy