Abstract
Evidence indicates that nerve gas toxins operate in ways in addition to inhibition of acetylcholine esterase. Alternative bioactivities are discussed with focus on electron transfer. The main class, including pralidoxime (2-PAM), incorporates conjugated iminium and oxime moieties that are electron affinic. Various physiological properties of iminium and oxime species are reviewed. The organophosphates encompass both nerve gases and insecticides, possessing similar properties, but different activities. Toxic manifestations are apparently due, in part, to oxidative stress. Alkylation of DNA takes place which may lead to generation of reactive oxygen species. Structure-activity relationships are examined, including reduction potentials and the captodative effect.
Keywords: organophosphates, nerve gas, nerve gas antidotes, pralidoxime, reduction potentials
Current Medicinal Chemistry
Title: Mechanism of Organophosphates (Nerve Gases and Pesticides) and Antidotes: Electron Transfer and Oxidative Stress
Volume: 10 Issue: 24
Author(s): Peter Kovacic
Affiliation:
Keywords: organophosphates, nerve gas, nerve gas antidotes, pralidoxime, reduction potentials
Abstract: Evidence indicates that nerve gas toxins operate in ways in addition to inhibition of acetylcholine esterase. Alternative bioactivities are discussed with focus on electron transfer. The main class, including pralidoxime (2-PAM), incorporates conjugated iminium and oxime moieties that are electron affinic. Various physiological properties of iminium and oxime species are reviewed. The organophosphates encompass both nerve gases and insecticides, possessing similar properties, but different activities. Toxic manifestations are apparently due, in part, to oxidative stress. Alkylation of DNA takes place which may lead to generation of reactive oxygen species. Structure-activity relationships are examined, including reduction potentials and the captodative effect.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Kovacic Peter, Mechanism of Organophosphates (Nerve Gases and Pesticides) and Antidotes: Electron Transfer and Oxidative Stress, Current Medicinal Chemistry 2003; 10 (24) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867033456314
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867033456314 |
Print ISSN 0929-8673 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-533X |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Advances in Medicinal Chemistry: From Cancer to Chronic Diseases.
The broad spectrum of the issue will provide a comprehensive overview of emerging trends, novel therapeutic interventions, and translational insights that impact modern medicine. The primary focus will be diseases of global concern, including cancer, chronic pain, metabolic disorders, and autoimmune conditions, providing a broad overview of the advancements in ...read more
Approaches to the treatment of chronic inflammation
Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of numerous diseases, significantly impacting global health. Although chronic inflammation is a hot topic, not much has been written about approaches to its treatment. This thematic issue aims to showcase the latest advancements in chronic inflammation treatment and foster discussion on future directions in this ...read more
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Non-Infectious Inflammatory Diseases: Focus on Clinical Implications
The Special Issue covers the results of the studies on cellular and molecular mechanisms of non-infectious inflammatory diseases, in particular, autoimmune rheumatic diseases, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and other age-related disorders such as type II diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, etc. Review and research articles as well as methodology papers that summarize ...read more
Chalcogen-modified nucleic acid analogues
Chalcogen-modified nucleosides, nucleotides and oligonucleotides have been of great interest to scientific research for many years. The replacement of oxygen in the nucleobase, sugar or phosphate backbone by chalcogen atoms (sulfur, selenium, tellurium) gives these biomolecules unique properties resulting from their altered physical and chemical properties. The continuing interest in ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Cardioprotective Effects of the Polyphenol Hydroxytyrosol from Olive Oil
Current Drug Targets Interaction of Nerve Agent Antidotes with Cholinergic Systems
Current Medicinal Chemistry Comprehensive Review on Diabetes Associated Cardiovascular Complications - The Vitamin D Perspective
Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders-Drug Targets The Roles of β-Carotene in Cardiomyocytes
Current Nutrition & Food Science Biomarkers of Subclinical Atherosclerosis and Natural Products as Complementary Alternative Medicine
Current Pharmaceutical Design Therapeutic Management Strategies for Type 2 Diabetes
Current Diabetes Reviews Human Recombinant Leptin Administration as a Potential Obesity Therapy
Immunology, Endocrine & Metabolic Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Discontinued) Diabetic Retinopathy in Pregnancy
Current Diabetes Reviews Central Nervous System Circuitry and Peripheral Neural Sympathetic Activity Responsible for Essential Hypertension
Current Neurovascular Research Editorial [Hot Topic: Exploring the Links between Obesity and Alzheimers Disease (Guest Editor: Suzana S. Petanceska) ]
Current Alzheimer Research Sodium Intake Recommendations: A Subject that Needs to be Reconsidered
Current Hypertension Reviews Mutations and Common Polymorphisms in ADAMTS13 and vWF Genes Responsible for Increasing Risk of Thrombosis
Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders-Drug Targets The Therapeutic use of the Zonulin Inhibitor AT-1001 (Larazotide) for a Variety of Acute and Chronic Inflammatory Diseases
Current Medicinal Chemistry Beneficial Effects of the Mediterranean Diet on Metabolic Syndrome
Current Pharmaceutical Design L-Type Voltage-Dependent Calcium Channels As Therapeutic Targets for Neurodegenerative Diseases
Current Medicinal Chemistry Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Diltiazem Following Multiple Doses:Comparing Normotensive Rat vs. Hypertensive Rat Models In vivo
Drug Metabolism Letters α-Amylase Inhibition: Some Practical Considerations
Current Enzyme Inhibition Role of AGEs-RAGE System in Cardiovascular Disease
Current Pharmaceutical Design The Role of AGEs and AGE Inhibitors in Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease
Current Drug Targets Imidazoline Receptors and their Ligands as Potentiators of Nutrient-Induced Insulin Secretion
Drug Design Reviews - Online (Discontinued)