Abstract
The mechanisms leading to cellular damage from ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury are complex and multi-factorial. Accumulating evidence suggests an important role for oxidative stress in the regulation of neuro-inflammation following stroke. Gene expression studies have revealed that the increase in oxygen radicals post-ischemia triggers the expression of a number of pro-inflammatory genes. These genes are regulated by the transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-??B) which is redox-sensitive. It is hypothesised that changes in the oxidative state may modulate alterations in the neuro-inflammatory response following an I/R injury. Furthermore, NF-??B is involved in the transcriptional regulation of adhesion molecules, which play an important role in leukocyte-endothelium interactions. Recent studies have demonstrated that adhesion molecule-mediated leukocyte recruitment is associated with increased tissue damage in stroke, while mice lacking key adhesion molecules conferred neuro-protection. Nevertheless, the involvement of oxidative stress in leukocyte recruitment and the subsequent regulated cell injury is yet to be elucidated. While leukocyte infiltration into the ischemic brain is detrimental, leukocyte accumulation in the microvasculature was shown to be one of the many factors implicated in reduced reperfusion. Although this “ no-reflow ” phenomenon was confirmed in a variety of animal models of cerebral ischemia, the exact mechanism is still uncertain. This review aims to highlight the impact that oxidative stress has in the regulation of post-ischemic neuro-inflammation and the implication for the cerebral microvasculature after injury.
Keywords: Reactive Oxygen Species, NADPH, Ischemic strokes, cerebral ischemia, Superoxide Dismutase, Glutathione Peroxidase
Current Medicinal Chemistry
Title: Modulation of Neuro-Inflammation and Vascular Response by Oxidative Stress Following Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
Volume: 15 Issue: 1
Author(s): Peter J. Crack and Connie H.Y. Wong
Affiliation:
Keywords: Reactive Oxygen Species, NADPH, Ischemic strokes, cerebral ischemia, Superoxide Dismutase, Glutathione Peroxidase
Abstract: The mechanisms leading to cellular damage from ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury are complex and multi-factorial. Accumulating evidence suggests an important role for oxidative stress in the regulation of neuro-inflammation following stroke. Gene expression studies have revealed that the increase in oxygen radicals post-ischemia triggers the expression of a number of pro-inflammatory genes. These genes are regulated by the transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-??B) which is redox-sensitive. It is hypothesised that changes in the oxidative state may modulate alterations in the neuro-inflammatory response following an I/R injury. Furthermore, NF-??B is involved in the transcriptional regulation of adhesion molecules, which play an important role in leukocyte-endothelium interactions. Recent studies have demonstrated that adhesion molecule-mediated leukocyte recruitment is associated with increased tissue damage in stroke, while mice lacking key adhesion molecules conferred neuro-protection. Nevertheless, the involvement of oxidative stress in leukocyte recruitment and the subsequent regulated cell injury is yet to be elucidated. While leukocyte infiltration into the ischemic brain is detrimental, leukocyte accumulation in the microvasculature was shown to be one of the many factors implicated in reduced reperfusion. Although this “ no-reflow ” phenomenon was confirmed in a variety of animal models of cerebral ischemia, the exact mechanism is still uncertain. This review aims to highlight the impact that oxidative stress has in the regulation of post-ischemic neuro-inflammation and the implication for the cerebral microvasculature after injury.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Crack J. Peter and Wong H.Y. Connie, Modulation of Neuro-Inflammation and Vascular Response by Oxidative Stress Following Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury, Current Medicinal Chemistry 2008; 15 (1) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986708783330665
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986708783330665 |
Print ISSN 0929-8673 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-533X |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Advances in Medicinal Chemistry: From Cancer to Chronic Diseases.
The broad spectrum of the issue will provide a comprehensive overview of emerging trends, novel therapeutic interventions, and translational insights that impact modern medicine. The primary focus will be diseases of global concern, including cancer, chronic pain, metabolic disorders, and autoimmune conditions, providing a broad overview of the advancements in ...read more
Approaches to the treatment of chronic inflammation
Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of numerous diseases, significantly impacting global health. Although chronic inflammation is a hot topic, not much has been written about approaches to its treatment. This thematic issue aims to showcase the latest advancements in chronic inflammation treatment and foster discussion on future directions in this ...read more
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Non-Infectious Inflammatory Diseases: Focus on Clinical Implications
The Special Issue covers the results of the studies on cellular and molecular mechanisms of non-infectious inflammatory diseases, in particular, autoimmune rheumatic diseases, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and other age-related disorders such as type II diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, etc. Review and research articles as well as methodology papers that summarize ...read more
Chalcogen-modified nucleic acid analogues
Chalcogen-modified nucleosides, nucleotides and oligonucleotides have been of great interest to scientific research for many years. The replacement of oxygen in the nucleobase, sugar or phosphate backbone by chalcogen atoms (sulfur, selenium, tellurium) gives these biomolecules unique properties resulting from their altered physical and chemical properties. The continuing interest in ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
The Role of Prostaglandins in Liver Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
Current Pharmaceutical Design Physiological and Pathological Functions of Acid-Sensing Ion Channels in the Central Nervous System
Current Drug Targets Kinin Receptors in Vascular Biology and Pathology
Current Vascular Pharmacology Low Dose of Anisodine Hydrobromide Induced Neuroprotective Effects in Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion Rats
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Role of Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress, Longevity Genes and Poly(ADPribose) Polymerase in Cardiovascular Dysfunction Associated with Aging
Current Vascular Pharmacology Conference Report (The XVth International Symposium of Brain Edema and Cellular Injury)
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate: A Summary of Its Cytoprotective Mechanism
Current Medicinal Chemistry Hepatic Injury to the Newborn Liver Due to Drugs
Current Pharmaceutical Design Tyrphostins as Potential Therapeutic Agents for Acute Kidney Injury
Current Medicinal Chemistry Hypertension in Pregnancy: Pathophysiology & Management Strategies
Current Pharmaceutical Design Cytokines and Chemokines as Regulators of Angiogenesis in Health and Disease
Current Pharmaceutical Design Nitric Oxide and Dietary Factors: Part III Minerals, Vitamins and Other Dietary and Lifestyle Factors
Vascular Disease Prevention (Discontinued) Glucose Transporters Regulation on Ischemic Brain: Possible Role as Therapeutic Target
Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Oral and Topical Administration of ROQUETTE Schizochytrium sp. Alleviate Skin Inflammation and Improve Wound Healing in Mice
Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Bilirubin Chemistry and Metabolism; Harmful and Protective Aspects
Current Pharmaceutical Design Blockade of Phosphodiesterase-III Protects Against Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation in Endothelial Cells by Upregulation of VE-Cadherin
Current Neurovascular Research A Decrease in the Cellular Phosphodiester to Phosphomonoester Lipid Ratio is Characteristic of HIV-1 Infection
Current HIV Research Caspases as Drug Targets in Ischemic Organ Injury
Current Drug Targets - Immune, Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders The Role of N-Acetylcysteine in Platelet Aggregation and Reperfusion Injury in Recent Years
Current Clinical Pharmacology Current Drug Targets and Future Therapy of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Current Medicinal Chemistry