Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional pro-inflammatory cytokine that is tightly regulated and expressed at low levels in healthy individuals. Increased IL-6 expression has been associated with a variety of diseases, including inflammatory conditions such as atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (obesity, myocardial infarction and type II diabetes). Cytokines including IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor alpha as well as acute phase proteins such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen are key biochemical risk factors for the development of these disease conditions. IL-6 is the key cytokine responsible for the stimulus of synthesis and secretion of CRP. IL-6 activates cell surface signalling via the assembly of IL-6, the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) and the signalling receptor gp130. Assembly of the (hexameric) signalling complex of IL-6, IL-6R and gp130 occurs in a sequential manner and therefore this signalling complex lends itself to several potential sites for drug targeting. This review discusses some of the mechanisms of IL-6 signalling on various aspects of cardiovascular biology as well as some recent developments in drug targeting of this complex.
Keywords: Interleukin-6, inflammation, cardiovascular disease, endothelium, C-reactive protein, insulin resistance
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title: Cardiovascular Biology of Interleukin-6
Volume: 15 Issue: 15
Author(s): Mahinda Y. Abeywardena, Wayne R. Leifert, Kirsty E. Warnes, Jose N. Varghese and Richard J. Head
Affiliation:
Keywords: Interleukin-6, inflammation, cardiovascular disease, endothelium, C-reactive protein, insulin resistance
Abstract: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional pro-inflammatory cytokine that is tightly regulated and expressed at low levels in healthy individuals. Increased IL-6 expression has been associated with a variety of diseases, including inflammatory conditions such as atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (obesity, myocardial infarction and type II diabetes). Cytokines including IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor alpha as well as acute phase proteins such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen are key biochemical risk factors for the development of these disease conditions. IL-6 is the key cytokine responsible for the stimulus of synthesis and secretion of CRP. IL-6 activates cell surface signalling via the assembly of IL-6, the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) and the signalling receptor gp130. Assembly of the (hexameric) signalling complex of IL-6, IL-6R and gp130 occurs in a sequential manner and therefore this signalling complex lends itself to several potential sites for drug targeting. This review discusses some of the mechanisms of IL-6 signalling on various aspects of cardiovascular biology as well as some recent developments in drug targeting of this complex.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Abeywardena Y. Mahinda, Leifert R. Wayne, Warnes E. Kirsty, Varghese N. Jose and Head J. Richard, Cardiovascular Biology of Interleukin-6, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2009; 15 (15) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161209788186290
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161209788186290 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Effect of Non-Statin Lipid Lowering and Anti-Obesity Drugs on LDL Subfractions in Patients with Mixed Dyslipidaemia
Current Vascular Pharmacology Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity
Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews Impact of Sex Hormone Metabolism on the Vascular Effects of Menopausal Hormone Therapy in Cardiovascular Disease
Current Drug Metabolism Interrelationships with Metabolic Syndrome, Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk
Current Vascular Pharmacology Joint Effect of ABCA7 rs4147929 and Body Mass Index on Progression from Mild Cognitive Impairment to Alzheimer’s Disease: The Shanghai Aging Study
Current Alzheimer Research Phospholipase D Inhibition: Beneficial and Harmful Consequences for a Double-Dealer Enzyme
Current Enzyme Inhibition Smoking, Estradiol Metabolism and Hormone Replacement Therapy
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents A Review of Medicinal Plant Patents
Recent Patents on Biomedical Engineering (Discontinued) Cruzipain, the Major Cysteine Protease of Trypanosoma cruzi: A Sulfated Glycoprotein Antigen as Relevant Candidate for Vaccine Development and Drug Target. A Review
Current Medicinal Chemistry Policies to Prevent Tobacco Use and Exposure in Children, a Global Perspective
Current Pediatric Reviews The Epidemiology and Health Effects of Tobacco Use
Current Pediatric Reviews Association between Fragmentation and Various Substitution Features: A Study on Isoflavonoids Analogues by CID and HCD Using LTQ Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry
Current Traditional Medicine The Epidemiology and Health Effects of Tobacco Smoke Exposure
Current Pediatric Reviews Treatment Strategies of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Panic Disorder/Agoraphobia
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Microvascular Endothelial Dysfunction in Obesity and Hypertension
Current Pharmaceutical Design Jean-Baptiste de Sénac’s (1693-1770) Important Work on Cardiology and Valvular Disorders
Current Pharmaceutical Design Training Pediatric Residents for Intervention on Tobacco
Current Pediatric Reviews Dietary Technologies to Optimize Healing from Injury-Induced Inflammation
Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Inflammation Fueling Atrial Fibrillation Substrate: Seeking Ways to "Cool" the Heart
Medicinal Chemistry Leptin-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction: A Target for Therapeutic Interventions
Current Pharmaceutical Design