Abstract
Glutaredoxins are defined as thiol disulfide oxidoreductases that reduce disulfide bonds employing reduced glutathione as electron donor. They constitute a complex family of proteins with a diversity of enzymatic and functional properties. Thus, dithiol glutaredoxins are able to reduce disulfide bonds and deglutathionylate mixed disulfides between glutathione and cysteine protein residues. They could act regulating the redox state of sulfhydryl residues of specific proteins, while thioredoxins (another family of thiol disulfide oxidoreductases which employ NADPH as electron donor) would be the general sulfhydryl reductants. Some dithiol glutaredoxins such as human Grx2 form dimers bridged by one iron-sulfur cluster, which acts as a sensor of oxidative stress, therefore regulating the activity of the glutaredoxin. The ability to interact with iron-sulfur clusters as ligands is also characteristic of monothiol glutaredoxins with a CGFS-type active site. These do not display thiol oxidoreductase activity, but have roles in iron homeostasis. The three members of this subfamily in Saccharomyces cerevisiae participate in the synthesis of the iron-sulfur clusters in mitochondria (Grx5), or in signalling the iron status inside the cell for regulation of iron uptake and intracellular iron relocalization (Grx3 and Grx4). Such a role in iron metabolism seems to be evolutionary conserved. Fungal cells also contain membrane-associated glutaredoxins structurally and enzymatically similar to dithiol glutaredoxins, which may act as redox regulators at the early stages of the protein secretory machinery.
Keywords: Fe-S cluster, glutaredoxin, iron homeostasis, mitochondria, oxidative stress, protein secretion, redox control, thiol disulfide oxidoreducatses, eglutathionylate, detoxifying mechanism, sulphur amino acid
Current Protein & Peptide Science
Title: Structural and Functional Diversity of Glutaredoxins in Yeast
Volume: 11 Issue: 8
Author(s): Enrique Herrero, Gemma Belli and Celia Casas
Affiliation:
Keywords: Fe-S cluster, glutaredoxin, iron homeostasis, mitochondria, oxidative stress, protein secretion, redox control, thiol disulfide oxidoreducatses, eglutathionylate, detoxifying mechanism, sulphur amino acid
Abstract: Glutaredoxins are defined as thiol disulfide oxidoreductases that reduce disulfide bonds employing reduced glutathione as electron donor. They constitute a complex family of proteins with a diversity of enzymatic and functional properties. Thus, dithiol glutaredoxins are able to reduce disulfide bonds and deglutathionylate mixed disulfides between glutathione and cysteine protein residues. They could act regulating the redox state of sulfhydryl residues of specific proteins, while thioredoxins (another family of thiol disulfide oxidoreductases which employ NADPH as electron donor) would be the general sulfhydryl reductants. Some dithiol glutaredoxins such as human Grx2 form dimers bridged by one iron-sulfur cluster, which acts as a sensor of oxidative stress, therefore regulating the activity of the glutaredoxin. The ability to interact with iron-sulfur clusters as ligands is also characteristic of monothiol glutaredoxins with a CGFS-type active site. These do not display thiol oxidoreductase activity, but have roles in iron homeostasis. The three members of this subfamily in Saccharomyces cerevisiae participate in the synthesis of the iron-sulfur clusters in mitochondria (Grx5), or in signalling the iron status inside the cell for regulation of iron uptake and intracellular iron relocalization (Grx3 and Grx4). Such a role in iron metabolism seems to be evolutionary conserved. Fungal cells also contain membrane-associated glutaredoxins structurally and enzymatically similar to dithiol glutaredoxins, which may act as redox regulators at the early stages of the protein secretory machinery.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Herrero Enrique, Belli Gemma and Casas Celia, Structural and Functional Diversity of Glutaredoxins in Yeast, Current Protein & Peptide Science 2010; 11 (8) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138920310794557637
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138920310794557637 |
Print ISSN 1389-2037 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-5550 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Advancements in Proteomic and Peptidomic Approaches in Cancer Immunotherapy: Unveiling the Immune Microenvironment
The scope of this thematic issue centers on the integration of proteomic and peptidomic technologies into the field of cancer immunotherapy, with a particular emphasis on exploring the tumor immune microenvironment. This issue aims to gather contributions that illustrate the application of these advanced methodologies in unveiling the complex interplay ...read more
Artificial Intelligence for Protein Research
Protein research, essential for understanding biological processes and creating therapeutics, faces challenges due to the intricate nature of protein structures and functions. Traditional methods are limited in exploring the vast protein sequence space efficiently. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) offer promising solutions by improving predictions and speeding up ...read more
Nutrition and Metabolism in Musculoskeletal Diseases
The musculoskeletal system consists mainly of cartilage, bone, muscles, tendons, connective tissue and ligaments. Balanced metabolism is of vital importance for the homeostasis of the musculoskeletal system. A series of musculoskeletal diseases (for example, sarcopenia, osteoporosis) are resulted from the dysregulated metabolism of the musculoskeletal system. Furthermore, metabolic diseases (such ...read more
Protein Folding, Aggregation and Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation
Protein folding, misfolding and aggregation remain one of the main problems of interdisciplinary science not only because many questions are still open, but also because they are important from the point of view of practical application. Protein aggregation and formation of fibrillar structures, for example, is a hallmark of a ...read more
Related Journals
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
Related Articles
-
Circulatory Estrogen Level Protects Against Breast Cancer in Obese Women
Recent Patents on Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery Clinical Approaches to Immunotherapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Current and Future Perspectives
Current Molecular Pharmacology Serotonin-Dopamine Interaction as a Focus of Novel Antidepressant Drugs
Current Drug Targets In Silico Prediction Models for Blood-Brain Barrier Permeation
Current Medicinal Chemistry Patent Review
Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening Atorvastatin Sensitises Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells, but not Endothelial Cells, to TNF-α-induced Cell Death
Current Pharmaceutical Design Simulating the Interactions of Toxins with K+ Channels
Current Pharmaceutical Design Recent Evidence on the Role of Dietary PUFAs in Cancer Development and Prevention
Current Medicinal Chemistry Developmental Expression and Dysregulation of miR-146a and miR-155 in Down's Syndrome and Mouse Models of Down's Syndrome and Alzheimer's Disease
Current Alzheimer Research Cellular and Molecular Effects of Macrolides on Leukocyte Function
Current Pharmaceutical Design Nitrofurantoin Pulmonary Toxicity: A Brief Review
Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews Nuclear Factor Kappa B is a Promising Therapeutic Target in Inflammatory Lung Disease
Current Drug Targets Nampt/Visfatin/PBEF: A Functionally Multi-faceted Protein with a Pivotal Role in Malignant Tumors
Current Pharmaceutical Design Resistance to Aspirin and Thienopyridines in Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome
Current Vascular Pharmacology Cellular Senescence in Cardiovascular Diseases: Potential Age-Related Mechanisms and Implications for Treatment
Current Pharmaceutical Design Novel Pharmacologic Approaches to the Management of Sepsis: Targeting the Host Inflammatory Response
Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery From Erythropoietin to Its Peptide Derivatives: Smaller but Stronger
Current Protein & Peptide Science Catalytic Activity of Certain Antibodies as a Potential Tool for Drug Synthesis and for Directed Prodrug Therapies
Current Medicinal Chemistry The Brain, the Penis and Steroid Hormones: Clinical Correlates with Endothelial Dysfunction
Current Pharmaceutical Design Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis: Current Status and Future Prospects
Current Drug Therapy