Abstract
A sexual dymorphism in the immune response has been described and females display an increased incidence of autoimmune diseases. Experimental data show that sex steroids influence immune cell development and have immunomodulatory effects. The distribution, the action (genomic and nongenomic), the sex and tissue-depending expression pattern of estrogen, progesterone and androgen receptors and their functional disruptions in corresponding receptor knockout animals will be discussed, pointing out the difference among sex steroid hormones. Recent advances indicate an immunomodulatory role of sex steroids in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. The outcomes of the clinical trials will help to find the best use of sex steroids in combination with current therapeutic drugs in autoimmune diseases. Sex steroid receptor modulating drugs will provide new therapeutic approaches in these pathologies.
Keywords: Sex steroid receptor modulating drugs, therapeutic drugs, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, sex and tissue-depending expression, immunomodulatory effects, sexual dymorphism, sex steroid receptor, sex steroid, Autoimmune disease
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry
Title: Sex Steroids in Autoimmune Diseases
Volume: 11 Issue: 13
Author(s): P. Falaschi, A. Martocchia, M. Stefanelli and S. Cola
Affiliation:
Keywords: Sex steroid receptor modulating drugs, therapeutic drugs, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, sex and tissue-depending expression, immunomodulatory effects, sexual dymorphism, sex steroid receptor, sex steroid, Autoimmune disease
Abstract: A sexual dymorphism in the immune response has been described and females display an increased incidence of autoimmune diseases. Experimental data show that sex steroids influence immune cell development and have immunomodulatory effects. The distribution, the action (genomic and nongenomic), the sex and tissue-depending expression pattern of estrogen, progesterone and androgen receptors and their functional disruptions in corresponding receptor knockout animals will be discussed, pointing out the difference among sex steroid hormones. Recent advances indicate an immunomodulatory role of sex steroids in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. The outcomes of the clinical trials will help to find the best use of sex steroids in combination with current therapeutic drugs in autoimmune diseases. Sex steroid receptor modulating drugs will provide new therapeutic approaches in these pathologies.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Falaschi P., Martocchia A., Stefanelli M. and Cola S., Sex Steroids in Autoimmune Diseases, Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 2011; 11 (13) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156802611796117595
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156802611796117595 |
Print ISSN 1568-0266 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4294 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Chemistry Based on Natural Products for Therapeutic Purposes
The development of new pharmaceuticals for a wide range of medical conditions has long relied on the identification of promising natural products (NPs). There are over sixty percent of cancer, infectious illness, and CNS disease medications that include an NP pharmacophore, according to the Food and Drug Administration. Since NP ...read more
Current Trends in Drug Discovery Based on Artificial Intelligence and Computer-Aided Drug Design
Drug development discovery has faced several challenges over the years. In fact, the evolution of classical approaches to modern methods using computational methods, or Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD), has shown promising and essential results in any drug discovery campaign. Among these methods, molecular docking is one of the most notable ...read more
Drug Discovery in the Age of Artificial Intelligence
In the age of artificial intelligence (AI), we have witnessed a significant boom in AI techniques for drug discovery. AI techniques are increasingly integrated and accelerating the drug discovery process. These developments have not only attracted the attention of academia and industry but also raised important questions regarding the selection ...read more
From Biodiversity to Chemical Diversity: Focus of Flavonoids
Flavonoids are the largest group of polyphenols, plant secondary metabolites arising from the essential aromatic amino acid phenylalanine (or more rarely from tyrosine) via the phenylpropanoid pathway. The flavan nucleus is the basic 15-carbon skeleton of flavonoids (C6-C3-C6), which consists of two phenyl rings (A and B) and a heterocyclic ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Editorial (Asia-Pacific Health 2020 and Genomics without Borders: Co-Production of Knowledge by Science and Society Partnership for Global Personalized Medicine)
Current Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine Local Treatment for Lymphoid Malignancies of the Eye
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Assorted Applications of N-substituted-2,4-thiazolidinediones in Various Pathological Conditions
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Drugs for the Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia and their Benefits Beyond Cholesterol Lowering to Prevent Vascular Disease
Vascular Disease Prevention (Discontinued) Structural Aspects of Drugability and Selectivity of Protein Kinases in Inflammation
Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 5-Arylidene-4-Thiazolidinone Derivatives Active as Antidegenerative Agents on Human Chondrocyte Cultures
Medicinal Chemistry Evaluation of Hyperforin Analogues for Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase
Medicinal Chemistry Novel Superactive Leptin Antagonists and their Potential Therapeutic Applications
Current Pharmaceutical Design Exploring the Nucleolar Proteome: Novel Concepts for Chaperone Trafficking and Function
Current Proteomics Evaluation of Serum Ferritin and Anti-Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody Status in Newly Diagnosed Subclinical Cases of Hypothyroidism
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Scope and Applications of Nanomedicines for the Management of Multiple Sclerosis
Current Drug Metabolism Bacterial Conjunctivitis in Childhood: Etiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Management
Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery Progress in the Preclinical Discovery and Clinical Development of Class I and Dual Class I/IV Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PI3K) Inhibitors
Current Medicinal Chemistry Role of Cyclooxygenases in Angiogenesis
Current Medicinal Chemistry Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine as Inhibitors of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) Activity
Current Pharmaceutical Design Molecular and Cellular Pathways as Treatment Targets for Biologic Therapies in Systemic Sclerosis
Current Medicinal Chemistry Aryl/heteroaryl Substituted Celecoxib Derivatives as COX-2 Inhibitors: Synthesis, Anti-inflammatory Activity and Molecular Docking Studies
Medicinal Chemistry Rheumatic Manifestations Associated with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Current Rheumatology Reviews Safety of Systemic Biologic Agents in the Treatment of Non-malignant Skin Disorders
Current Drug Safety Kinase Inhibitors as Potential Therapeutics for Acute and Chronic Neurodegenerative Conditions
Current Pharmaceutical Design