Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

The Natural Products Journal

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 2210-3155
ISSN (Online): 2210-3163

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Phytopharmacological Review on Crinum asiaticum: A Potential Medicinal Herb

Author(s): Bharat Sharma , Neeru Vasudeva* and Sunil Sharma

Volume 10, Issue 4, 2020

Page: [342 - 354] Pages: 13

DOI: 10.2174/2210315509666190731142333

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Herbs have been used since ancient times for the treatment of various ailments. One such herb is Sudershan which has widely been used (Crinum asiaticum, family Amaryllidaceae), in traditional and Ayurvedic systems of medicines in India, Hongkong, Sri Lanka, China, Thailand and other countries due to its efficacy in curing and preventing of various diseases. Hence, the compilation of the botanical, ethnomedical uses and phytoconstituents data will be of great benefit to mankind.

Method: The literature review of the plant was collected from various databases viz. Web of Science, PubMed and Science Direct from the year 1935 to date.

Results: The compiled data on the therapeutic efficacy and phytoconstituents nature of the plant provides a platform for the future researcher.

Conclusion: The data revealed the therapeutic effects viz. antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anti-thrombotic, anti-HIV and hair growth promotion activities of the crude drug, fractions, isolated secondary metabolites by various analytical methods that can be useful in the utilization for the development and formulation of herbal preparation by future researcher.

Keywords: Crinum asiaticum, amaryllidaceae, traditional uses, chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, secondary metabolites.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Indradevi, S.; Ilavenil, S.; Kaleeswaran, B.; Srigopalram, S.; Ravikumar, S. Ethanolic extract of Crinum asiaticum attenuates hyperglycemia-mediated oxidative stress and protects hepatocytes in alloxan induced experimental diabetic rats. J. King Saud Univ. Sci., 2012, 24, 171-177.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2010.12.007]
[2]
Rai, P.K.; Jaiswal, D.; Singh, R.K.; Gupta, R.K.; Watal, G. Glycemic properties of Trichosanthes dioica leaves. Pharm. Biol., 2008, 46(12), 894-899.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13880200802370167]
[3]
Singh, A.K.; Srivastava, A.; Kumar, V.; Singh, K. Phytochemicals, medicinal and food applications of Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus): An updated review. Nat. Prod. J., 2018, 8(1), 32-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210315507666170922145258]
[4]
Ding, Y.; Qu, D.; Zhang, K.M.; Cang, X.X.; Kou, Z.N.; Xiao, W.; Zhu, J.B. Phytochemical and biological investigations of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids: A review. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res., 2017, 19(1), 53-100.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10286020.2016.1198332] [PMID: 27406068]
[5]
Mikšátková, P.; Lanková, P.; Huml, L.; Lapčík, O. Isoflavonoids in the Amaryllidaceae family. Nat. Prod. Res., 2014, 28(10), 690-697.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2013.873432] [PMID: 24479708]
[6]
Zhang, X.; Huang, H.; Liang, X.; Huang, H.; Dai, W.; Shen, Y.; Yan, S.; Zhang, W. Analysis of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids from Crinum by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 2009, 23(18), 2903-2916.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.4205] [PMID: 19670339]
[7]
Surain, P.; Aneja, K.R. Anticandidal potential of Crinum asiaticum leaves extract against selected oral and vaginal Candida pathogens. J. Innov. Biol., 2014, 1(1), 027-030.
[8]
Sinha, U.K.; Roy, R.P. Q-Banding in three species of Crinum (Amaryllidaceae). Caryologia, 1986, 39(3-4), 403-407.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00087114.1986.10797803]
[9]
Tram, N.T.N.; Titorenkova, T.V.; St Bankova, V.; Handjieva, N.V.; Popov, S.S.; Crinum, L. Amaryllidaceae). Fitoterapia, 2002, 73(3), 183-208.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(02)00068-0] [PMID: 12048015]
[10]
Refaat, J.; Kamel, M.S.; Ramadan, M.A.; Ali, A.A. Crinum; an endless source of bioactive principles: A review. Part III; crinum alkaloids: Belladine-, galanthamine-, lycorenine-, tazettine-type alkaloids and other minor types. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res., 2012, 3(10), 3630.
[11]
Ilavenil, S.; Kaleeswaran, B.; Ravikumar, S. Evaluation of antibacterial activity and phytochemical analysis of Crinum asiaticum. Int. J. Curr. Res,, 2010, 1, 035-040.
[12]
Rahman, M.A.; Hossain, S.A.; Ahmed, N.U.; Islam, M.S. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Crinum asiaticum leaf alcoholic extract in animal models. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 2013, 12(2), 212-218.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/AJB12.1431]
[13]
Singh, K.A.; Kumar, R.; Rao, G.R.K.; Jagannadham, M.V. Crinumin, a chymotrypsin-like but glycosylated serine protease from Crinum asiaticum: Purification and physicochemical characterisation. Food Chem., 2010, 119(4), 1352-1358.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.012]
[14]
Pandey, S.N.; Pandey, S.N.; Chadha, A. A text book of Botany: Plant anatomy and economic botany; Vikas Publishing House: New Delhi, India, 1993, p. 609.
[15]
Pfleiderer, I. Glimpses into the Life of Indian Plants: An Elementary Indian Botany; Asian Educational Services: New Delhi, Madras, 2000, p. 114.
[16]
Oliver, D. First Book of Indian Botany; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2013, p. 326.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139506847]
[17]
Bailey, L.H. The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture, The Macmillian Company: New York, 1935, 3, 2638-2649.
[18]
Watkins, J.; Sheehan, T.; Black, R. Florida Landscape Plants: Native and Exotic, 3rd ed; University Press of Florida: Gainesville, FL, 2005.
[19]
Uddin, M.Z.; Emrana, T.B.; Natha, A.K.; Jennya, A.; Duttaa, M.; Morsheda, M.M.; Kawsarb, M.H. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of leaf extract of Crinum asiaticum. J. Pharm. Res., 2012, 5(12), 5553-5556.
[20]
Rahman, M.A.; Sharmin, R.; Uddin, M.N.; Rana, M.S.; Ahmed, N.U. Antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of Crinum asiaticum bulb extract. Bangladesh J. Microbiol., 2011, 28(1), 1-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v28i1.11801]
[21]
Kim, S.C.; Kang, J.I.; Kim, M.K.; Hyun, J.H.; Boo, H.J.; Park, D.B.; Lee, Y.J.; Yoo, E.S.; Kim, Y.H.; Kim, Y.H.; Kang, H.K. Promotion effect of norgalanthamine, a component of Crinum asiaticum, on hair growth. Eur. J. Dermatol., 2010, 20(1), 42-48.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/ejd.2010.0807] [PMID: 19822478]
[22]
Asmawi, M.Z.; Arafat, O.M.; Amirin, S.; Eldeen, I.M. In vivo antinociceptive activity of leaf extract of Crinum asiaticum and phytochemical analysis of the bioactive fractions. Int. J. Pharmacol., 2011, 7, 125-129.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijp.2011.125.129]
[23]
Mujib, A.; Banerjee, S.; Maqsood, M.; Ghosh, P.D. Somatic embryogenesis of some member ornamental genera of Amaryllidaceae and allied families: The similarities and differences. The Open. Hortic. J., 2013, 6(1), 9-18.
[24]
Samud, A.M.; Asmawi, M.Z.; Sharma, J.N.; Yusof, A.P.M. Anti-inflammatory activity of Crinum asiaticum plant and its effect on bradykinin-induced contractions on isolated uterus. Immunopharmacology, 1999, 43(2-3), 311-316.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0162-3109(99)00132-0] [PMID: 10596868]
[25]
Choudhary, K.; Singh, M.; Pillai, U. Ethnobotanical survey of Rajasthan-An update. Am. Eurasian J. Bot., 2008, 1(2), 38-45.
[26]
Yadav, S.S.; Bhandoria, M.S. Ethnobotanical exploration in Mahendergarh district of Haryana (India). J. Med. Plants Res., 2013, 7(18), 1263-1271.
[27]
Kapale, R. Ethnomedicinal plants used by Baiga tribals in Amarkantak Meikal forest of Madhya Pradesh (India). Bull. Environ. Pharmacol. Life Sci., 2012, 1(4), 14-15.
[28]
Murthy, E.N. Ethno medicinal plants used by Gonds of Adilabad district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Int. J. Pharm. Life Sci., 2012, 3(10), 2034-2043.
[29]
Das, S.; Choudhury, M.D.; Mandal, S.C.; Talukdar, A.D. Traditional knowledge of ethnomedicinal hepatoprotective plants used by certain ethnic communities of Tripura State. Indian J. Fundam. Appl. Life Sci., 2012, 2(1), 84-97.
[30]
Majumdar, K.; Datta, B.K. A study on ethnomedicinal usage of plants among the folklore herbalists and Tripuri medical practitioners: Part-II. Nat. Prod. Radiance, 2007, 6(1), 66-73.
[31]
Srivastava, S.; Samuel, C.O. Herbal cures practiced by rural populace in Varanasi Region of Eastern UP (India). IOSR J. Pharm. Biol. Sci., 2013, 6(1), 1-5.
[32]
Chen, C.K.; Lin, F.H.; Tseng, L.H.; Jiang, C.L.; Lee, S.S. Comprehensive study of alkaloids from Crinum asiaticum var. sinicum assisted by HPLC-DAD-SPE-NMR. J. Nat. Prod., 2011, 74(3), 411-419.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np100819n] [PMID: 21314165]
[33]
Refaat, J.; Kamel, M.S.; Ramadan, M.A.; Ali, A.A. Crinum; An endless source of bioactive principles: A review, part II. Crinum alkaloids: Crinine-type alkaloids. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res., 2012, 3(09), 3091-3100.
[34]
Jagtap, U.B.; Lekhak, M.M.; Fulzele, D.P.; Yadav, S.R.; Bapat, V.A. Analysis of selected Crinum species for galanthamine alkaloid: An anti-Alzheimer drug. Curr. Sci., 2014, 2014, 2008-2010.
[35]
Ochi, M.; Otuski, H.; Nagao, K. The structure of Hamyane, a new alkaloids from Crinum asiaticum L. var. japonicum Baker. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1976, 49(11), 3363-3364.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.49.3363]
[36]
Arai, M.A.; Akamine, R.; Sadhu, S.K.; Ahmed, F.; Ishibashi, M. Hedgehog/GLI-mediated transcriptional activity inhibitors from Crinum asiaticum. J. Nat. Med., 2015, 69(4), 538-542.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11418-015-0922-8] [PMID: 26026497]
[37]
Ghosal, S.; Shanthy, A.; Kumar, A.; Kumar, Y. Palmilycorine and lycoriside: Acyloxy and acylglucosyloxy alkaloids from Crinum asiaticum. Phytochemistry, 1985, 24(11), 2703-2706.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)80698-6]
[38]
Kim, Y.H.; Park, E.J.; Park, M.H.; Badarch, U.; Woldemichael, G.M.; Beutler, J.A. Crinamine from Crinum asiaticum var. japonicum inhibits hypoxia inducible factor-1 activity but not activity of hypoxia inducible factor-2. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 2006, 29(10), 2140-2142.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.29.2140] [PMID: 17015967]
[39]
Min, B.S.; Gao, J.J.; Nakamura, N.; Kim, Y.H.; Hattori, M. Cytotoxic alkaloids and a flavan from the bulbs of Crinum asiaticum var. japonicum. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo), 2001, 49(9), 1217-1219.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.49.1217] [PMID: 11558618]
[40]
Ghosal, S.; Shanthy, A.; Singh, S.K. Isocraugsodine, an n-arylidenephenethylamine from Crinum asiaticum and its ez isomerism. Phytochemistry, 1988, 27(6), 1849-1852.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)80457-6]
[41]
Kogure, N.; Katsuta, N.; Kitajima, M.; Takayama, H. Two new alkaloids from Crinum asiaticum var. sinicum. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo), 2011, 59(12), 1545-1548.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.59.1545] [PMID: 22130378]
[42]
Sun, Q.; Shen, Y.H.; Tian, J.M.; Tang, J.; Su, J.; Liu, R.H.; Li, H.L.; Xu, X.K.; Zhang, W.D. Chemical constituents of Crinum asiaticum L. var. sinicum Baker and their cytotoxic activities. Chem. Biodivers., 2009, 6(10), 1751-1757.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200800273] [PMID: 19842135]
[43]
Mustafa, N.R.; Rhee, I.K.; Verpoorte, R. Rapid method for determination of galanthamine in Amaryllidaceae plants using HPLC. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol., 2003, 26(19), 3217-3233.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/JLC-120025519]
[44]
Zhu, D.; Miao, Z.Y.; Yang, R.X.; Wen, H.M.; Li, W.; Chen, J.; Kang, A.; Shan, C.X.; Yu, S.; Hu, Y. Layer-by-layer functionalized porous Zinc sulfide nanospheres-based solid-phase extraction combined with liquid chromatography time-of-flight/mass and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the specific enrichment and identification of alkaloids from Crinum asiaticum var. sinicum. Anal. Chim. Acta, 2016, 932, 60-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2016.05.028] [PMID: 27286770]
[45]
Sun, Q.; Zhang, W.D.; Shen, Y.H.; Zhang, C.; Li, H.L. A new phenolic compound from Crinum asiaticum L. Chin. Chem. Lett., 2008, 19(4), 447-449.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2008.01.022]
[46]
Priya, P.V.; Rao, A.S. Evaluation of in vitro free radical scavenging activity of Crinum asiaticum and Pedalium murex leaf extracts. IOSR J. Pharm., 2016, 6(2), 37-43.
[47]
Kale, S.; Kavade, E.; Yadav, A.V. Formulation and in-vitro evaluation for sun protection factor of Crinum asiaticum Linn flower (Family-Amaryllidaceae) extract sunscreen creams. Indian J. Pharm. Educ. Res., 2012, 46(2), 112-119.
[48]
Singh, K.A.; Jagannadham, M.V.; Rao, G.R.K.; Celie, P.H. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of crinumin, a chymotrypsin-like glycosylated serine protease with thrombolytic and antiplatelet activity. Acta Crystallogr. Sect. F Struct. Biol. Cryst. Commun., 2011, 67(Pt 12), 1545-1547.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S1744309111038875] [PMID: 22139162]
[49]
Azrifitria; Aziz, S., dan Chairul. Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of leaves and bulbs of Crinum asiaticum L. against acne-inducing bacteria. Indones. J. Pharm., 2010, 21(4), 236-241.
[50]
Goswami, S.; Ray, S. Relative total phenolics content, 1, 1-diphenyl picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging and total antioxidant potentials of seven indian medicinal plant parts’aqueous extracts. Int. J. Pharma Bio Sci., 2017, 8(2), 283-291.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.22376/ijpbs.2017.8.2.p283-291]
[51]
Ilavenil, S.; Kaleeswaran, B.; Sumitha, P.; Tamilvendan, D.; Ravikumar, S. Protection of human erythrocyte using Crinum asiaticum extract and lycorine from oxidative damage induced by 2-amidinopropane. Saudi J. Biol. Sci., 2011, 18(2), 181-187.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2010.11.001] [PMID: 23961122]
[52]
Kim, Y.H.; Kim, K.H.; Han, C.S.; Park, S.H.; Yang, H.C.; Lee, B.Y.; Eom, S.Y.; Kim, Y.S.; Kim, J.H.; Lee, N.H. Anti-inflammatory activity of Crinum asiaticum Linne var. japonicum extract and its application as a cosmeceutical ingredient. J. Cosmet. Sci., 2008, 59(5), 419-430.
[PMID: 18841306]
[53]
Jeong, Y.J.; Sohn, E.H.; Jung, Y.H.; Yoon, W.J.; Cho, Y.M.; Kim, I.; Lee, S.R.; Kang, S.C. Anti-obesity effect of Crinum asiaticum var. japonicum Baker extract in high-fat diet-induced and monogenic obese mice. Biomed. Pharmacother., 2016, 82, 35-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2016.04.067] [PMID: 27470336]
[54]
Tang, K.; Chai, Y.; Liao, Z.; Pang, Y.; Zhang, L.; Sun, X. Cloning and expression of Crinum asiaticum agglutinin gene and insecticide activity in transgenic plant. C.N. Patent 1,415,750A, May 7, 2004.
[55]
Daito, H.; Murakami, A.; Inafuku, M.; Yonaha, M. Antioxidant comprising plant-treated material as effective component and NO production inhibitor. J.P. Patent 2,004,359,732A, December 24, 2006.
[56]
Tang, K. Chinese medicinal liquor for treating fracture, traumatic injury and muscle injury C.N. Patent 1,742,928A, March 8, 2006.
[57]
Kim, Y.J.; Kim, J. H.; Kim, K.H.; Kim, Y.H.; Kim, Y.S. Composition comprising an extract of Crinum asiaticum linne having antiallergic and anti-inflammatory activity. W.O. Patent 2,007, 004,832A1, January 11, 2007.
[58]
Kim, Y.H.; Kang, H.K.; Kim, S.C.; Kang, J.I.; Yoo, E.S.; Kim, K.H.; Kim, Y.H. Norgalanthamine for the prevention and treatment of alopecia. W.O. Patent 2,010,123,184A1, October 28, 2010.
[59]
Kang, D.P.; Hyun, C.G.; Park, S.Y.; Kang, H.J.; Jung, M.H.; Kang, E.S.; Kim, D.H.; Byun, J.E.; Oh, S.H. Skin preparations containing horse placenta extracts for treating atopic dermatitis. K.R. Patent 2,010,138,164A, December 31,2010.
[60]
Lee, J.S.; Kang, D.P. Anti-stress and skin anti-aging food compositions using horse placenta extract. K.R. Patent 2,011,027,149A, March 16, 2011.
[61]
Kumar, A.; Kumar, A.; Kumar, P.; Kumar, P. Toxicity free botanical drug from Crinum asiaticum and Crocus sativus for treatment of chronic diseases W.O. Patent 2,011,092,712A1, August 04, 2011.
[62]
Dong, S. Method for manufacturing medical ointment containing traditional chinese medicines for treating frostbite C.N. Patent 1,027,554,67A, Oct 31, 2012.
[63]
Kim, G.T.; Shin, J.H.; Shin, H.U. Hydrogel patch compositions comprising aromatic essential oils and medicinal plant extracts for alleviating asthma and rhinitis. K.R. Patent 2,013,060,092A, June 7, 2013.
[64]
Sakaguchi, H.; Nagasawa, A.; Watanabe, M. Hair growth stimulator containing Anthriscus sylvestris and/or Crinum asiaticum sinicum extract. J.P. Patent 2,013,193,985A, September 30, 2013.
[65]
Kim, S.G.; Kim, G.Y.; Kim, J.W.; Lee, S.J.; Ku, S.G.; Park, G.Y.; Park, J.H. Crinum asiaticum var. japonicum extracts for preventing and treating metabolic syndrome. K.R Patent 2,014,002,410A, January 8, 2014.
[66]
Kim, S.G.; Kim, G.Y.; Kim, J.W.; Lee, S.J.; Ku, S.G.; Park, G.Y.; Park, J.H. Crinum asiaticum extracts for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. K.R. Patent 2,014,004,293A, January 13, 2017.
[67]
Jung, Y.H.; Kang, S.C.; Oh, D.J.; Ham, Y.M.; Yoon, W.J.; Park, S.Y.; Ko, M.H.; Lim, H.S. Crinum asiaticum extracts for the prevention and treatment of hyperlipidemia and obesity. K.R. Patent 2,014,122,490A, October 20, 2014.
[68]
Im, G.J.; Gu, G.C.; Jung, S.H.; Lee, T.H.; Kwon, J.H.; Lim, S.H.; Lee, J.H. A composition comprising an extract of combined herbs consisting of Acanthopanax koreanum nakai and Crinum asiaticum var. japonicum showing preventing activity of baldness and stimulating activity of hair growth. W.O. Patent 2,015,037,855A1, March 19, 2015.
[69]
Lim, G.J.; Ku, G.C.; Jung, S.H.; Lee, T.H.; Kwon, J.H.; Lim, S.H. Topical pharmaceutical composition or cosmetic composition comprising mixed herbal extract of Acanthopanax koreanum and Crinum asiaticum var. japonicum with hair loss prevention or hair growth promoting effect. K.R. Patent 2,015,030,452A, March 20, 2015.
[70]
Wang, L. Traditional Chinese medicine for treating bone spurs. C.N. Patent 1,049,586,44A, October 7, 2015.
[71]
Wang, Y. Chinese medicine for treating hyperosteogeny. C.N Patent 1,049,839,86A, October 21, 2015.
[72]
Jiang, T. Traditional Chinese medicine lotion for treatment of multi-drug resistant infectious wound. C.N. Patent 1,051,691,73A, December 23, 2015.
[73]
Wang, X. Chinese medicine capsule or decoction for treating migraine in combination with acupuncture and its preparation method. C.N. Patent 1,052,882,49A, February 3, 2016.
[74]
Yan, X. Pharmaceutical composition containing traditional Chinese medicines for treating excessive internal heat in oral cavity and gingival pain and swelling, and its preparation method, C.N. Patent 1,052,883,05A, February 3, 2016.
[75]
Li, X. Chinese medicine composition for treating damp-heat stasis toxin type rectal cancer. C.N. Patent 1,052,881,96A, February 3, 2016.
[76]
Zhong, Q. Traditional chinese medicine for treating pharyngitis C.N. Patent 1, 055, 213, 56A, April 27, 2016.
[77]
Wang, X. A chinese medicine of treating pseudomembranous colitis C.N. Patent 1,055,607,42A, May 11, 2016.
[78]
Chong, Z. A preparation for treating synovitis and preparation method. C.N. Patent 1,055,608,62A, May 11, 2016.
[79]
Shi, Y. A Chinese medicine for treating pharyngitis. C.N. Patent 1,055,609,67A, May 11, 2016.
[80]
Zhang, J. Blood-replenishing wine. C.N. Patent 1,056,875,40A, June 22, 2016.
[81]
Bao, L. A drug for treatment of adenomyosis. C.N. Patent 1,058,330,24A, August 10, 2016.
[82]
Jin, Z. One kind of Oenothera biennis tea capable of strengthening tendons and bones and its preparation method. C.N. Patent 1,063,871,45A, February 15, 2017.
[83]
Kalambate, P.K.; Zote, S.W.; Navale, D.N.; Pansare, A.V.; Kulal, D.K.; Sajid, M.M. Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Crinum asiaticum leaf extract and their application in size dependent catalytic activity. I.N. Patent 2,016,210,448,16A, April 21, 2017.

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
74
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy