Abstract
Transsexualism refers to individuals that identify themselves as members of the opposite gender and who strive to acquire the physical appearance and psychosocial role compatible with that gender. Gender reassignment therapy is applied through hormonal treatment ± surgical intervention in addition to psychological support. Hormone treatment for male-to-female transsexuals includes estrogen supplementation ± suppression of androgen secretion or action. Sex hormones are important determinants of the metabolic profile. The impact on cardiovascular disease appears to be gender-related but overall evidence remains conflicting. Gender reassignment therapy has been associated with elevated triglyceride concentrations, often accompanied by an increase in high density lipoprotein levels, reduced circulating homocysteine (Hcy), uric acid and creatinine levels as well as an adverse effect on glycemic control. Markers of inflammation, oxidative stress and endothelial function are also affected in various ways, while alterations in hemostatic and fibrinolytic factors favor thrombosis (arterial and/or venous). Male-to-female transsexuals may be adversely affected by both estrogen administration and androgen deprivation, as reported in prostate cancer. Therefore, vascular risk factor screening and potential intervention may be required prior to and during gender reassignment therapy (both hormone and surgical).
Keywords: Male-to-female transsexuals, transsexuals, cardiovascular, estrogen, antiandrogen, gender reassignment therapy, Transsexualism, EE, E2, transdermal, HRT, cyproter-one acetate (CA), flutamide, nilutamide, non-steroidal antiandrogens, spironolactone, diuretic, antiandro-genic, long-acting gonadotropin, finasteride, MetS, type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), homocysteine, hemostatic, fibrinolytic, vascular function, Estrogen treatment, M-value, FIBRINOLYTIC FACTORS, RENAL FUNCTION, Creatinine, Homocysteine (Hcy), Uric Acid, ADIPOKINES, creatinine values, interleukin-6, superoxide dismutase, glutathione (GSH), asymmetric dimethylarginine, Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), sex hormone binding globulin
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title: The Estrogenic Burden on Vascular Risk in Male-to-Female Transsexuals
Volume: 16 Issue: 34
Author(s): Eirini Lioudaki, Emmanuel S. Ganotakis, Dimitri P. Mikhailidis and Devaki R. Nair
Affiliation:
Keywords: Male-to-female transsexuals, transsexuals, cardiovascular, estrogen, antiandrogen, gender reassignment therapy, Transsexualism, EE, E2, transdermal, HRT, cyproter-one acetate (CA), flutamide, nilutamide, non-steroidal antiandrogens, spironolactone, diuretic, antiandro-genic, long-acting gonadotropin, finasteride, MetS, type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), homocysteine, hemostatic, fibrinolytic, vascular function, Estrogen treatment, M-value, FIBRINOLYTIC FACTORS, RENAL FUNCTION, Creatinine, Homocysteine (Hcy), Uric Acid, ADIPOKINES, creatinine values, interleukin-6, superoxide dismutase, glutathione (GSH), asymmetric dimethylarginine, Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), sex hormone binding globulin
Abstract: Transsexualism refers to individuals that identify themselves as members of the opposite gender and who strive to acquire the physical appearance and psychosocial role compatible with that gender. Gender reassignment therapy is applied through hormonal treatment ± surgical intervention in addition to psychological support. Hormone treatment for male-to-female transsexuals includes estrogen supplementation ± suppression of androgen secretion or action. Sex hormones are important determinants of the metabolic profile. The impact on cardiovascular disease appears to be gender-related but overall evidence remains conflicting. Gender reassignment therapy has been associated with elevated triglyceride concentrations, often accompanied by an increase in high density lipoprotein levels, reduced circulating homocysteine (Hcy), uric acid and creatinine levels as well as an adverse effect on glycemic control. Markers of inflammation, oxidative stress and endothelial function are also affected in various ways, while alterations in hemostatic and fibrinolytic factors favor thrombosis (arterial and/or venous). Male-to-female transsexuals may be adversely affected by both estrogen administration and androgen deprivation, as reported in prostate cancer. Therefore, vascular risk factor screening and potential intervention may be required prior to and during gender reassignment therapy (both hormone and surgical).
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Lioudaki Eirini, S. Ganotakis Emmanuel, P. Mikhailidis Dimitri and R. Nair Devaki, The Estrogenic Burden on Vascular Risk in Male-to-Female Transsexuals, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2010; 16 (34) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161210794455049
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161210794455049 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
In Vitro High Throughput Phage Display Selection of Ovarian Cancer Avid Phage Clones for Near-Infrared Optical Imaging
Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening Molecular Delivery of Plasmids for Genetic Vaccination
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology A Mechanistic Overview on Male Infertility and Germ Cell Cancers
Current Pharmaceutical Design Natural Compounds as Antagonists of Canonical Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling
Current Chemical Biology The Impact of the Emerging Genomics Data on the Management of Agerelated Phenotypes in the Context of Cellular Senescence
Current Drug Targets PLK1 Inhibition Radiosensitizes Breast Cancer Cells, but Shows Low Efficacy as Monotherapy or in Combination with other Cytotoxic Drugs
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Aberrant Splicing, Hyaluronan Synthases and Intracellular Hyaluronan as Drivers of Oncogenesis and Potential Drug Targets
Current Cancer Drug Targets Therapeutic Applications of Liposomal Based Drug Delivery and Drug Targeting for Immune Linked Inflammatory Maladies: A Contemporary View Point
Current Drug Targets Postoperative Complications in Hemorrhoidal Disease and Special Conditions
Reviews on Recent Clinical Trials Therapeutic Application of Natural Medicine Monomers in Cancer Treatment
Current Medicinal Chemistry Improving Carotenoids and Amino-Acids in Cassava
Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture Cytotoxic Effects of Chemotherapeutic Drugs and Heterocyclic Compounds at Application on the Cells of Primary Culture of Neuroepithelium Tumors
Medicinal Chemistry Haptotactic Gradients for Directed Cell Migration: Stimulation and Inhibition Using Soluble Factors
Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening DephosSitePred: A High Accuracy Predictor for Protein Dephosphorylation Sites
Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening Serum miR-372 is a Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker in Patients with Early Colorectal Cancer
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Implementing Cancer Exercise Rehabilitation: An Update on Recommendations for Clinical Practice
Current Cancer Therapy Reviews Novel N-Substituted Thiazolidinones as Proton Pump Inhibitors and Potent Anti-Ulcer Agents: SAR Study
Letters in Drug Design & Discovery 4-Hydroxynonenal in the Pathogenesis and Progression of Human Diseases
Current Medicinal Chemistry An “Enigmatic” L-Carnosine (β-Alanyl-L-Histidine)? Cell Proliferative Activity as a Fundamental Property of a Natural Dipeptide Inherent to Traditional Antioxidant, Anti-Aging Biological Activities: Balancing and a Hormonally Correct Agent, Novel Patented Oral Therapy Dosage Formulation for Mobility, Skeletal Muscle Power and Functional Performance, Hypothalamic-Pituitary- Brain Relationship in Health, Aging and Stress Studies
Recent Patents on Drug Delivery & Formulation Molecular Determinants of Colon Cancer Susceptibility in the East and West
Current Molecular Medicine