Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by a complex pathological landscape, necessitating a comprehensive treatment approach. This concise review paper delves into the idea of addressing multiple mechanisms in AD, summarizing the latest research findings on pathogenesis, risk factors, diagnostics, and therapeutic strategies. The etiology of AD is multifaceted, involving genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. The primary feature is the accumulation of amyloid-- beta and tau proteins, leading to neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuronal loss. Conventional single-target therapies have shown limited effectiveness, prompting a shift toward simultaneously addressing multiple disease-related processes. Recent advancements in AD research underscore the potential of multifaceted therapies. This review explores strategies targeting both tau aggregation and amyloid-beta, along with interventions to alleviate neuroinflammation, enhance synaptic function, and reduce oxidative stress. In conclusion, the review emphasizes the growing importance of addressing various pathways in AD treatment. A holistic approach that targets different aspects of the disease holds promise for developing effective treatments and improving the quality of life for Alzheimer's patients and their caregivers.
Keywords: Amyloid plaque, Tau protein, Acetyl cholinesterase (AChE), Butyl cholinesterase (BuChE), N-methyl Di-Aspartate enzyme (NMDA), JNK Signalling, Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK-5), Monoamine oxidase (MAO).
Graphical Abstract
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
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