Abstract
Cholera toxins and heat labile enterotoxin from E. coli differ from most soluble proteins in eliciting systemic immunity both against themselves and unrelated admixed antigens, rather than tolerance following administration to a mucosal surface. Several reports have also demonstrated preferential induction of Th2-type responses when these molecules are used as adjuvants. Conversely, these proteins and their non-toxic derivatives, including the B sub-units are also able prevent and alleviate autoimmune diseases in naive and systemically immune hosts demonstrating wide-ranging effects on the immune system. The recent observation that amelioration of autoimmune disease is associated with the generation of regulatory T cells which inhibit pathogenic Th1 responses may also help to consolidate these two apparently contradictory outcomes of exposure to the cholera-like enterotoxins. Furthermore, the observation that EtxB is able to alleviate autoimmune disease in the absence of conjugation to autoantigen highlights its potential for use in the clinical setting where the target antigen is often unknown. Direct effects on T cells, B cells and APC have been demonstrated in vitro which have provided insights into how these molecules may elicit these diverse effects. Further investigation is required for elucidation of the mechanisms of action of adjuvanticity and tolerance induction by these molecules to realise their potential for use in vaccines and therapies for autoimmune disease in humans.
Keywords: Immune Response, autoimmune, autoantigen, Cholera-like Enterotoxins
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry
Title: Modulation of the Immune Response by the Cholera-like Enterotoxins
Volume: 4 Issue: 5
Author(s): Andrea Plant and Neil A. Williams
Affiliation:
Keywords: Immune Response, autoimmune, autoantigen, Cholera-like Enterotoxins
Abstract: Cholera toxins and heat labile enterotoxin from E. coli differ from most soluble proteins in eliciting systemic immunity both against themselves and unrelated admixed antigens, rather than tolerance following administration to a mucosal surface. Several reports have also demonstrated preferential induction of Th2-type responses when these molecules are used as adjuvants. Conversely, these proteins and their non-toxic derivatives, including the B sub-units are also able prevent and alleviate autoimmune diseases in naive and systemically immune hosts demonstrating wide-ranging effects on the immune system. The recent observation that amelioration of autoimmune disease is associated with the generation of regulatory T cells which inhibit pathogenic Th1 responses may also help to consolidate these two apparently contradictory outcomes of exposure to the cholera-like enterotoxins. Furthermore, the observation that EtxB is able to alleviate autoimmune disease in the absence of conjugation to autoantigen highlights its potential for use in the clinical setting where the target antigen is often unknown. Direct effects on T cells, B cells and APC have been demonstrated in vitro which have provided insights into how these molecules may elicit these diverse effects. Further investigation is required for elucidation of the mechanisms of action of adjuvanticity and tolerance induction by these molecules to realise their potential for use in vaccines and therapies for autoimmune disease in humans.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Plant Andrea and Williams A. Neil, Modulation of the Immune Response by the Cholera-like Enterotoxins, Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 2004; 4 (5) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026043451230
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026043451230 |
Print ISSN 1568-0266 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4294 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
AlphaFold in Medicinal Chemistry: Opportunities and Challenges
AlphaFold, a groundbreaking AI tool for protein structure prediction, is revolutionizing drug discovery. Its near-atomic accuracy unlocks new avenues for designing targeted drugs and performing efficient virtual screening. However, AlphaFold's static predictions lack the dynamic nature of proteins, crucial for understanding drug action. This is especially true for multi-domain proteins, ...read more
Artificial intelligence for Natural Products Discovery and Development
Our approach involves using computational methods to predict the potential therapeutic benefits of natural products by considering factors such as drug structure, targets, and interactions. We also employ multitarget analysis to understand the role of drug targets in disease pathways. We advocate for the use of artificial intelligence in predicting ...read more
Chemistry Based on Natural Products for Therapeutic Purposes
The development of new pharmaceuticals for a wide range of medical conditions has long relied on the identification of promising natural products (NPs). There are over sixty percent of cancer, infectious illness, and CNS disease medications that include an NP pharmacophore, according to the Food and Drug Administration. Since NP ...read more
Current Trends in Drug Discovery Based on Artificial Intelligence and Computer-Aided Drug Design
Drug development discovery has faced several challenges over the years. In fact, the evolution of classical approaches to modern methods using computational methods, or Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD), has shown promising and essential results in any drug discovery campaign. Among these methods, molecular docking is one of the most notable ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Triggering of Apoptosis and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in NK Cells: Regulation by Cyclosporin A
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents Control of Interleukin-1β Secretion in Inflammation and Immune Response
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents NKT Cells: A Regulator in Both Innate and Acquired Immunity
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents Synthetic Peptides for the Immunodiagnosis of Human Diseases
Current Medicinal Chemistry Experimental Strategies in Autoimmunity: Antagonists of Cytokines and their Receptors, Nanocarriers, Inhibitors of Immunoproteasome, Leukocyte Migration and Protein Kinases
Current Pharmaceutical Design Cytokine Therapies in Crohns Disease: Where are We Now and where should We Go?
Inflammation & Allergy - Drug Targets (Discontinued) Danger-Detector NKG2D: Immunosurveillance of Induced Self and Modulation by Cytokines and Soluble Ligands
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents Recent Patents Concerning Modulators of Protein Kinase C
Recent Patents on DNA & Gene Sequences Cot/Tpl-2 Protein Kinase as a Target for the Treatment of Inflammatory Disease
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Antibody-Mediated Endothelial Cell Damage Via Nitric Oxide
Current Pharmaceutical Design Interleukin-25: Key Regulator of Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases
Current Pharmaceutical Design Identification of Novel Scaffolds for IκB Kinase Beta Inhibitor via a High Throughput Screening TR-FRET Assay
Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening Neopterin: From Forgotten Biomarker to Leading Actor in Cardiovascular Pathophysiology
Current Vascular Pharmacology Vitiligo in Children: A Birds Eye View
Current Pediatric Reviews Novel Approaches to the Therapy of Rheumatoid Arthritis based on an Understanding of Disease Mechanisms
Immunology, Endocrine & Metabolic Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Discontinued) Immuno - Functionalized Silver Nanoparticles for Diagnostics, Therapeutics and Protection of Rabies Viral Infection
Current Nanomedicine Autoimmune Disorders during Pregnancy: Effects of Biomarkers on Maternal Serum Screening and Course of Disease
Current Women`s Health Reviews Invariant Natural Killer T Cell-Based Therapy of Autoimmune Diseases
Current Immunology Reviews (Discontinued) Modulation of TNF Receptor Family Members to Inhibit Autoimmune Disease
Current Drug Targets - Inflammation & Allergy Recent Advances in Regulatory T Cell Therapy of Autoimmunity, Graft Rejection and Cancer
Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery