Abstract
The role of inflammation in cardiovascular disease and in hypertensive disease above all, is complex. Several studies confirm that activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosteron system (RAAS), through increase in the production of angiotensin II (Ang II), is closely related to local vascular inflammation. Over the BP lowering effects of anti-hypertensive treatments, several ancillary effects for every class may be found, distinguishing the various drugs from one another. Given the pro-inflammatory effects of Ang II and aldosterone, agents that interfere with the components of RAAS, such as ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin Recpetor Blockers (ARBs), and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (spironolactone or the more selective eplerenone), represent logical therapeutic tools to reduce vascular inflammation and cardiovascular risk, as suggested in large clinical trials in patients with hypertension and diabetes. Regarding ACE inhibitors, actually there is no convincing evidence indicating that ACEi’s reduce plasma levels of major inflammatory markers in hypertension models. Lack of evidence concerns especially these inflammation markers, such as fibrinogen of CRP, which are less closely related to atherosclerotic disease and vascular damage and conversely are affected by several more aspecific factors. Results obtained by trials accomplished using ARBs seem to be more univocal to confirm, although to great extent, these is an anti-inflmmatory effect of drugs bocking AT1 receptor. In order to strictly study the effects of blockage of RAAS on inflammation, future studies may explore different strategies by, for example, simultaneously acting on the ACE and the AT1 angiotensin receptors.
Keywords: Renin-angiotensin-aldosteron system (RAAS), ACE inhibitors, angiotensin recpetor blockers, inflammation, cardiovascular disease, angiotensin II (Ang II), aldosterone, receptor antagonists, fibrinogen, CRP
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:Effects of ACE-Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers on Inflammation
Volume: 18 Issue: 28
Author(s): D. Di Raimondo, A. Tuttolomondo, C. Butta, S. Miceli, G. Licata and A. Pinto
Affiliation:
Keywords: Renin-angiotensin-aldosteron system (RAAS), ACE inhibitors, angiotensin recpetor blockers, inflammation, cardiovascular disease, angiotensin II (Ang II), aldosterone, receptor antagonists, fibrinogen, CRP
Abstract: The role of inflammation in cardiovascular disease and in hypertensive disease above all, is complex. Several studies confirm that activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosteron system (RAAS), through increase in the production of angiotensin II (Ang II), is closely related to local vascular inflammation. Over the BP lowering effects of anti-hypertensive treatments, several ancillary effects for every class may be found, distinguishing the various drugs from one another. Given the pro-inflammatory effects of Ang II and aldosterone, agents that interfere with the components of RAAS, such as ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin Recpetor Blockers (ARBs), and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (spironolactone or the more selective eplerenone), represent logical therapeutic tools to reduce vascular inflammation and cardiovascular risk, as suggested in large clinical trials in patients with hypertension and diabetes. Regarding ACE inhibitors, actually there is no convincing evidence indicating that ACEi’s reduce plasma levels of major inflammatory markers in hypertension models. Lack of evidence concerns especially these inflammation markers, such as fibrinogen of CRP, which are less closely related to atherosclerotic disease and vascular damage and conversely are affected by several more aspecific factors. Results obtained by trials accomplished using ARBs seem to be more univocal to confirm, although to great extent, these is an anti-inflmmatory effect of drugs bocking AT1 receptor. In order to strictly study the effects of blockage of RAAS on inflammation, future studies may explore different strategies by, for example, simultaneously acting on the ACE and the AT1 angiotensin receptors.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Di Raimondo D., Tuttolomondo A., Butta C., Miceli S., Licata G. and Pinto A., Effects of ACE-Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers on Inflammation, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2012; 18 (28) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161212802481282
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161212802481282 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Telomeres, Senescence and Longevity: The Role of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants
Current Pharmacogenomics The Fundamental Role of Stress Echo in Evaluating Coronary Artery Disease in Specific Patient Populations
Current Vascular Pharmacology Role of Methylglyoxal in Diabetic Cardiovascular and Kidney Diseases: Insights from Basic Science for Application into Clinical Practice
Current Pharmaceutical Design Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors as Prospective Agents for the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Neoplastic Diseases
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry The Determinants of Chagas Disease: Connecting Parasite and Host Genetics
Current Molecular Medicine Ethanol and Inflammation
Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Doxorubicin Sensitizes the Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells to Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand-Mediated (TRAIL) Apoptosis In Vitro but not In Vivo
Letters in Drug Design & Discovery Protective Effects of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) Against Apoptosis
Current Pharmaceutical Design State of the Heart: CMR in Coronary Artery Disease
Current Medical Imaging Anti-HER2 Cancer Therapy and Cardiotoxicity
Current Pharmaceutical Design The Impact of Traditional Chinese Medicine on Mitophagy in Disease Models
Current Pharmaceutical Design Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress and Heart Failure ∼Novel Pathophysiological Insight and Treatment Strategies∼
Current Cardiology Reviews Tapping into Mitochondria to Find Novel Targets for Diabetes Complications
Current Drug Targets Longevity Pathways (mTOR, SIRT, Insulin/IGF-1) as Key Modulatory Targets on Aging and Neurodegeneration
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes
Current Pharmaceutical Design Therapeutic Applications of Human Heme Oxygenase Gene Transfer and Gene Therapy
Current Pharmaceutical Design Surgical Management of Heart Failure
Current Cardiology Reviews 3D-QSAR Assisted Design of Novel 7-Deazapurine Derivatives as TNNI3K Kinase Inhibitors Using Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation
Letters in Drug Design & Discovery Mitochondrial Complex I Deficiency in Humans
Current Genomics Myopericarditis, as the First Sign of Rheumatoid Arthritis Relapse, Evaluated by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance
Inflammation & Allergy - Drug Targets (Discontinued)