Abstract
Copper is present in different concentrations and chemical forms throughout the earth crust, surface and deep water and even, in trace amounts, in the atmosphere itself. Copper is one of the first metals used by humans, the first artifacts dating back 10,000 years ago. Currently, the world production of refined copper exceeds 16,000 tons / year. Copper is a micro-element essential to life, principally for its red-ox properties that make it a necessary cofactor for many enzymes, like cytochrome-c oxidase and superoxide dismutase. In some animal species (e.g. octopus, snails, spiders, oysters) copper-hemocyanins also act as carriers of oxygen instead of hemoglobin. However, these red-ox properties also make the pair Cu+/Cu2+ a formidable catalyst for the formation of reactive oxygen species, when copper is present in excess in the body or in tissues. The treatment of choice in cases of copper overloading or intoxication is the chelation therapy. Different molecules are already in clinical use as chelators or under study or clinical trial. It is worth noting that chelation therapy has also been suggested to treat some neurodegenerative diseases or cardiovascular disorders. In this review, after a brief description of the homeostasis and some cases of dyshomeostasis of copper, the main (used or potential) chelators are described; their properties in solution, even in relation to the presence of metal or ligand competitors, under physiological conditions, are discussed. The legislation of the most important Western countries, regarding both the use of chelating agents and the limits of copper in foods, drugs and cosmetics, is also outlined.
Keywords: Bifunctional ligands, copper chelators, copper metabolism, copper overload, neurodegenerative diseases, penicillamine, tetrathiomolybdate, trientine.
Current Medicinal Chemistry
Title:Copper Chelators: Chemical Properties and Bio-medical Applications
Volume: 21 Issue: 33
Author(s): M. Tegoni, D. Valensin, L. Toso and M. Remelli
Affiliation:
Keywords: Bifunctional ligands, copper chelators, copper metabolism, copper overload, neurodegenerative diseases, penicillamine, tetrathiomolybdate, trientine.
Abstract: Copper is present in different concentrations and chemical forms throughout the earth crust, surface and deep water and even, in trace amounts, in the atmosphere itself. Copper is one of the first metals used by humans, the first artifacts dating back 10,000 years ago. Currently, the world production of refined copper exceeds 16,000 tons / year. Copper is a micro-element essential to life, principally for its red-ox properties that make it a necessary cofactor for many enzymes, like cytochrome-c oxidase and superoxide dismutase. In some animal species (e.g. octopus, snails, spiders, oysters) copper-hemocyanins also act as carriers of oxygen instead of hemoglobin. However, these red-ox properties also make the pair Cu+/Cu2+ a formidable catalyst for the formation of reactive oxygen species, when copper is present in excess in the body or in tissues. The treatment of choice in cases of copper overloading or intoxication is the chelation therapy. Different molecules are already in clinical use as chelators or under study or clinical trial. It is worth noting that chelation therapy has also been suggested to treat some neurodegenerative diseases or cardiovascular disorders. In this review, after a brief description of the homeostasis and some cases of dyshomeostasis of copper, the main (used or potential) chelators are described; their properties in solution, even in relation to the presence of metal or ligand competitors, under physiological conditions, are discussed. The legislation of the most important Western countries, regarding both the use of chelating agents and the limits of copper in foods, drugs and cosmetics, is also outlined.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Tegoni M., Valensin D., Toso L. and Remelli M., Copper Chelators: Chemical Properties and Bio-medical Applications, Current Medicinal Chemistry 2014; 21 (33) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867321666140601161939
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867321666140601161939 |
Print ISSN 0929-8673 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-533X |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Advances in Medicinal Chemistry: From Cancer to Chronic Diseases.
The broad spectrum of the issue will provide a comprehensive overview of emerging trends, novel therapeutic interventions, and translational insights that impact modern medicine. The primary focus will be diseases of global concern, including cancer, chronic pain, metabolic disorders, and autoimmune conditions, providing a broad overview of the advancements in ...read more
Approaches to the treatment of chronic inflammation
Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of numerous diseases, significantly impacting global health. Although chronic inflammation is a hot topic, not much has been written about approaches to its treatment. This thematic issue aims to showcase the latest advancements in chronic inflammation treatment and foster discussion on future directions in this ...read more
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Non-Infectious Inflammatory Diseases: Focus on Clinical Implications
The Special Issue covers the results of the studies on cellular and molecular mechanisms of non-infectious inflammatory diseases, in particular, autoimmune rheumatic diseases, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and other age-related disorders such as type II diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, etc. Review and research articles as well as methodology papers that summarize ...read more
Chalcogen-modified nucleic acid analogues
Chalcogen-modified nucleosides, nucleotides and oligonucleotides have been of great interest to scientific research for many years. The replacement of oxygen in the nucleobase, sugar or phosphate backbone by chalcogen atoms (sulfur, selenium, tellurium) gives these biomolecules unique properties resulting from their altered physical and chemical properties. The continuing interest in ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Visible Vessels of Vocal Folds: Can they have a Diagnostic Role?
Current Medical Imaging Leukocyte-mediated Tissue Injury in Ischemic Stroke
Current Medicinal Chemistry Cerebral Aneurysm Formation in Nitric Oxide Synthase-3 Knockout Mice
Current Neurovascular Research Hydrogen Sulfide and Endothelial Dysfunction: Relationship with Nitric Oxide
Current Medicinal Chemistry Nano-Systems for Advanced Therapeutics and Diagnosis of Atherosclerosis
Current Pharmaceutical Design Recent Approaches for Angiogenesis in Search of Successful Tissue Engineering and Regeneration
Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy Ivabradine: a Selective If Current Inhibitor in the Treatment of Stable Angina
Recent Patents on Cardiovascular Drug Discovery Current Management of Intermittent Claudication: The Role of Pharmacological and Nonpharmacological Symptom-Directed Therapies
Current Vascular Pharmacology Meet Our Editor:
Current Cardiology Reviews Neuroimaging Studies of Acute Effects of THC and CBD in Humans and Animals: a Systematic Review
Current Pharmaceutical Design The Angiogenesis Effects of Electro-acupuncture Treatment via Exosomal miR-210 in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Rats
Current Neurovascular Research Present Insights on Cardiomyopathy in Diabetic Patients
Current Diabetes Reviews Artificial Neural Network Models for Coronary Artery Disease
Current Bioinformatics Focus on the Different Projects of Telemedicine Centered on the Elderly In France
Current Aging Science Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Drug Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema: The Evolution Continues
Current Diabetes Reviews Supplementation of Glutamine and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids as a Novel Therapeutic Intervention Targeting Metabolic Dysfunction and Exercise Intolerance in Patients with Heart Failure
Current Clinical Pharmacology The Ins and Outs of Nanoparticle Technology in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Cancer
Current Drug Metabolism Profiling the Shear Stress of Atherosclerosis; A Genomic View
Current Genomics Moderate Hypothermia in the Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Good Idea Proved Ineffective?
Current Pharmaceutical Design Anti-VEGF Anticancer Drugs: Mind the Hypertension
Recent Advances in Cardiovascular Drug Discovery (Discontinued)