Abstract
Oxidative damage is related to aging and a wide range of human disorders. Mitochondria are in large part responsible for free radical production and they are also main targets of the attack of these toxic molecules. The resulting deleterious effects of the damage to mitochondria can be prevented by antioxidants. Melatonin is an endogenouslyproduced indoleamine that modulates numerous functions, including mitochondria-related functions; this result from its capacity to penetrate all morphophysiological barriers and to enter all subcellular compartments due to its amphiphilic nature. Furthermore, this indoleamine and its metabolites are powerful antioxidants and scavengers of free radicals, protecting cellular membranes, the electron transport chain and mitochondrial DNA from oxidative damage. These properties may make melatonin a potent protector against a variety of free radical-related diseases. By comparison, other conventional antioxidants have less efficacy due to their limited access to the mitochondria. In recent years, research has focused on the advancement of mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, such as MitoQ (composed by the lipophilic triphenylphosphonium cation conjugated to the endogenous antioxidant coenzyme Q10) and MitoE (composed by the triphenylphosphonium cation attached to the antioxidant α-tocopherol). Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants accumulate in several hundred-fold greater concentrations within mitochondria and protect these critical organelles from oxidative damage. Melatonin also seems to be a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant and has similar protective actions as the synthetic antioxidants. Further work is required to determine the therapeutic properties of these antioxidants in ameliorating diseases related to mitochondrial dysfunction.
Keywords: Mitochondria, oxidative stress, melatonin, mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, mitoQ, mitoE.
Current Medicinal Chemistry
Title:Protective Effects of Melatonin and Mitochondria-targeted Antioxidants Against Oxidative Stress: A Review
Volume: 22 Issue: 22
Author(s): M. R. Ramis, S. Esteban, A. Miralles, Dun-Xian Tan and R. J. Reiter
Affiliation:
Keywords: Mitochondria, oxidative stress, melatonin, mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, mitoQ, mitoE.
Abstract: Oxidative damage is related to aging and a wide range of human disorders. Mitochondria are in large part responsible for free radical production and they are also main targets of the attack of these toxic molecules. The resulting deleterious effects of the damage to mitochondria can be prevented by antioxidants. Melatonin is an endogenouslyproduced indoleamine that modulates numerous functions, including mitochondria-related functions; this result from its capacity to penetrate all morphophysiological barriers and to enter all subcellular compartments due to its amphiphilic nature. Furthermore, this indoleamine and its metabolites are powerful antioxidants and scavengers of free radicals, protecting cellular membranes, the electron transport chain and mitochondrial DNA from oxidative damage. These properties may make melatonin a potent protector against a variety of free radical-related diseases. By comparison, other conventional antioxidants have less efficacy due to their limited access to the mitochondria. In recent years, research has focused on the advancement of mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, such as MitoQ (composed by the lipophilic triphenylphosphonium cation conjugated to the endogenous antioxidant coenzyme Q10) and MitoE (composed by the triphenylphosphonium cation attached to the antioxidant α-tocopherol). Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants accumulate in several hundred-fold greater concentrations within mitochondria and protect these critical organelles from oxidative damage. Melatonin also seems to be a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant and has similar protective actions as the synthetic antioxidants. Further work is required to determine the therapeutic properties of these antioxidants in ameliorating diseases related to mitochondrial dysfunction.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Ramis R. M., Esteban S., Miralles A., Tan Dun-Xian and Reiter J. R., Protective Effects of Melatonin and Mitochondria-targeted Antioxidants Against Oxidative Stress: A Review, Current Medicinal Chemistry 2015; 22 (22) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867322666150619104143
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867322666150619104143 |
Print ISSN 0929-8673 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-533X |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Advances in Medicinal Chemistry: From Cancer to Chronic Diseases.
The broad spectrum of the issue will provide a comprehensive overview of emerging trends, novel therapeutic interventions, and translational insights that impact modern medicine. The primary focus will be diseases of global concern, including cancer, chronic pain, metabolic disorders, and autoimmune conditions, providing a broad overview of the advancements in ...read more
Approaches to the treatment of chronic inflammation
Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of numerous diseases, significantly impacting global health. Although chronic inflammation is a hot topic, not much has been written about approaches to its treatment. This thematic issue aims to showcase the latest advancements in chronic inflammation treatment and foster discussion on future directions in this ...read more
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Non-Infectious Inflammatory Diseases: Focus on Clinical Implications
The Special Issue covers the results of the studies on cellular and molecular mechanisms of non-infectious inflammatory diseases, in particular, autoimmune rheumatic diseases, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and other age-related disorders such as type II diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, etc. Review and research articles as well as methodology papers that summarize ...read more
Chalcogen-modified nucleic acid analogues
Chalcogen-modified nucleosides, nucleotides and oligonucleotides have been of great interest to scientific research for many years. The replacement of oxygen in the nucleobase, sugar or phosphate backbone by chalcogen atoms (sulfur, selenium, tellurium) gives these biomolecules unique properties resulting from their altered physical and chemical properties. The continuing interest in ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Chemical Constituents of Plants from the Genus Valeriana
Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry Procyanidins and Their Healthy Protective Effects Against Type 2 Diabetes
Current Medicinal Chemistry Oxidative stress and myocarditis
Current Pharmaceutical Design Nitric Oxide in Atherosclerosis
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Approaches to the Management of Acute Kidney Injury in Children
Recent Patents on Biomarkers Combating Obesity by Targeting Nuclear Receptors
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Immunology, Endocrine & Metabolic Agents Clinical Implications of Recent Insights into the Structural Biology of Beta2 Adrenoceptors
Current Drug Targets What We Learnt from Randomized Clinical Trials and Cohort Studies of Antioxidant Vitamin? : Focus on Vitamin E and Cardiovascular Disease
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Molecular Recognition of Human Angiotensin-Coverting Enzyme I (hACE I) and Different Inhibitors
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Current Updates in the Medical Management of Obesity
Recent Patents on Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Drug Discovery Cross-Talk Between TGF-β and NADPH Oxidases During Liver Fibrosis and Hepatocarcinogenesis
Current Pharmaceutical Design Adverse Effects of Cigarette Smoke and Induction of Oxidative Stress in Cardiomyocytes and Vascular Endothelium
Current Pharmaceutical Design Recent Advances in Small Animal Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Current Cardiology Reviews Losartan Chemistry and Its Effects via AT1 Mechanisms in the Kidney
Current Medicinal Chemistry The Metabolic Syndrome and Chronic Liver Disease
Current Pharmaceutical Design Blockade of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System: Effects on Hypertensive Target Organ Damage
Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Clinical and Molecular Perspectives of Monogenic Hypertension
Current Hypertension Reviews Calcific Aortic Valve Disease and Hypertension
Current Hypertension Reviews Treatment Considerations of Clinical Physician on Hypertension Management in Asia
Current Hypertension Reviews Therapeutic Potential of Drugs Targeting Pathophysiology of Intracerebral Hemorrhage: From Animal Models to Clinical Applications
Current Pharmaceutical Design