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Current Cardiology Reviews

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ISSN (Print): 1573-403X
ISSN (Online): 1875-6557

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Review Article

Insulin Resistance, Hyperinsulinemia and Atherosclerosis: Insights into Pathophysiological Aspects and Future Therapeutic Prospects

Author(s): Georgios S. Papaetis*, Anastasia Sacharidou, Ioannis C. Michaelides, Konstantinos C. Mikellidis and Stylianos A. Karvounaris

Volume 21, Issue 1, 2025

Published on: 16 October, 2024

Article ID: e1573403X314035 Pages: 19

DOI: 10.2174/011573403X314035241006185109

Price: $65

TIMBC 2026
Abstract

Insulin resistance describes the lack of activity of a known quantity of insulin (exogenous or endogenous) to promote the uptake of glucose and its utilization in an individual, as much as it does in metabolically normal individuals. On the cellular level, it suggests insufficient power of the insulin pathway (from the insulin receptor downstream to its final substrates) that is essential for multiple mitogenic and metabolic aspects of cellular homeostasis. Atherosclerosis is a slow, complex, and multifactorial pathobiological process in medium to large arteries and involves several tissues and cell types (immune, vascular, and metabolic cells). Inflammatory responses and immunoregulation are key players in its development and progression. This paper examines the possible pathophysiological mechanisms that govern the connection of insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and the closely associated cardiometabolic syndrome with atherosclerosis, after exploring thoroughly both in vitro and in vivo (preclinical and clinical) evidence. It also discusses the importance of visualizing and developing novel therapeutic strategies and targets for treatment, to face this metabolic state through its genesis.

Keywords: Insulin, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, glucose.

Graphical Abstract

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