Biofertilizers and Biopesticides: Sustainable Alternatives for Agriculture

The escalating requirements for agricultural production systems to ensure global food security and mitigate environmental degradation necessitate a shift toward more sustainable approaches that reduce adverse effects and increase efficiency in crop productivity and profitability. Historically, the primary method used to achieve these goals has involved the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Nevertheless, the persistent and excessive use of these substances has resulted in contamination, pest resistance, health issues, soil depletion, and diminished microbiota, consequently reducing crop yields. Therefore, the controlled use of pesticides and fertilizers has been recommended, advocating for reduced application amounts and site-specific, targeted administration. One promising solution lies in the use of advanced tools, such as biotechnology and nanotechnology, that have played an important role in agrotechnological transformation. Microorganisms, along with biofertilizers and biopesticides, have the potential to enhance agricultural systems and safeguard food security. Nanoparticles are emerging as a cutting-edge technology poised for revolutionizing contemporary agrarian methodologies, balancing crop nutrients, and the supply of pesticides and fertilizers. Diverse nanoparticle-based formulations, including biofertilizers, biopesticides, and nanosized sensors, have been extensively researched for plant health management and soil quality improvement. A profound understanding of the interactions between plants and nanomaterials enhances agricultural techniques by monitoring water quality, improving disease resilience, crop output, pest control, and nutrient absorption. This examination underscores the pivotal factors that must be considered in future studies on biofertilizers and biopesticides to enhance productivity and food security.

Keywords: Biofertilizer, Biopesticide, Biological control, Microorganisms, Formulations, Nano-biotechnology, Plant health, Sustainable agriculture.